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1 livre public
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2 livre
m- livre de bord
- livre brouillard
- livre de caisse
- livre de commerce
- livre de comptabilité
- livre comptable
- livre copie de lettres
- livre foncier
- grand livre
- livre d'inventaire
- livre journal
- livre des marchands
- livre de paye
- livre public
- livre à souches
- livre à souche -
3 public
public, -ique [pyblik]1. adjectivea. ( = non privé) publicb. ( = de l'État) [services, secteur, finances] public ; [école, instruction] State before n, public (US)2. masculine nouna. ( = population) le public the (general) public• « interdit au public » "no admittance to the public"b. ( = audience, assistance) audience• être bon/mauvais public to be easy/hard to pleasec. ( = secteur) le public the public sector* * *
1.
- ique pyblik adjectif [lieu, argent] public; [enseignement] state (épith) GB, public US; [entreprise, chaîne] state-owned (épith)homme or personnage public — public figure
2.
nom masculin1) ( tout le monde) public‘interdit au public’ — ‘no admittance’
2) (de spectacle, conférence, d'émission) audience; ( de manifestation sportive) spectators (pl)3) ( lecteurs) readership4) ( adeptes)5) ( secteur)* * *pyblik (-ique)1. adj1) (jardin, piscine, bibliothèque) public, (école, instruction) state modif2) (scrutin) open2. nm1) (= population) publicCe parc est ouvert au public. — The park is open to the public.
2) (= assistance) audienceLe public a applaudi le chanteur. — The audience applauded the singer.
Je déteste parler en public. — I hate speaking in public.
* * *A adj [lieu, vente, argent] public; [école, enseignement] state ( épith) GB, public US; [entreprise, chaîne] state-owned ( épith); rendre qch public to make sth public; la dette publique the national debt; hôpital public state-run hospital; les cours sont publics the lectures are open to the public; en audience publique in open court; homme or personnage public public figure; femme or fille publique prostitute.B nm1 ( tout le monde) public; en public in public; ouvert au public open to the public; ‘interdit au public’ ‘no admittance’; ‘avis au public’ ‘public notice’; porter qch à la connaissance du public to make sth public; ⇒ grand;2 (de spectacle, conférence, d'émission) audience; ( de manifestation sportive) spectators (+ v pl); s'adresser à un public jeune/un large public to be directed at a young audience/a wide audience; il lui faut un public he/she has to have an audience; être bon public to be easily pleased; être mauvais public to be hard to please; tous publics for all ages; on entendait des rires dans le public there was laughter in the audience;3 ( lecteurs) readership;4 ( adeptes) avoir un public to have a following; elle ne veut pas décevoir son public she doesn't want to disappoint her fans ou public;1. [ouvert à tous] publicsa nomination a été rendue publique ce matin his nomination was officially announced ou was made public this morning————————nom masculin1. [population] publicle grand public the general public, the public at large2. [audience - d'un spectacle] public, audience ; [ - d'un écrivain] readership, readers ; [ - d'un match] spectatorspublic féminin/familial female/family audiences'adresser à un vaste public/à un public restreint to address a vast/limited audiencec'est un excellent livre, mais qui n'a pas encore trouvé son public although the book is excellent, it hasn't yet found the readership it deserves3. [secteur]————————en public locution adverbiale————————grand public locution adjectivale -
4 livre numérique
Le livre numérique est la version numérisée d’un livre lisible sur tout appareil permettant sa lecture, que celui-ci soit un ordinateur, un assistant personnel, une tablette de lecture (ebook), un téléphone portable ou un smartphone.a) Dans son sens étymologique, un livre numérique est un livre numérisé pour diffusion sous forme de fichier électronique. Chose souvent passée sous silence, le véritable inventeur du livre numérique (ebook en anglais) n’est pas la librairie en ligne Amazon, les éditions 00h00 ou Gemstar International, mais Michael Hart, fondateur du Projet Gutenberg en juillet 1971. Le livre numérique aurait donc déjà 35 ans. Le terme se généralise lors des divers lancements commerciaux dans un format propriétaire ayant émaillé le début des années 2000. En 2003, les "etexts" du Projet Gutenberg deviennent des "ebooks", pour coller à la terminologie ambiante. Un livre numérique du domaine public utilise les formats TXT (text), HTML (hypertext markup language) et XML (extensible markup language), lisibles par toute machine, toute plateforme et tout logiciel.b) Dans son sens commercial, le livre numérique est la version numérique d’un livre, vendue comme telle. Le format le plus répandu est le format PDF (portable document format), suivi du format LIT (abrégé du terme anglais "literature") et du format PRC (Palm resource). Mis en ligne en mai 1998, 00h00 (qui se prononce "zéro heure") est la première maison d’édition au monde à commercialiser des livres numériques, à l’initiative de ses deux fondateurs, Jean-Pierre Arbon et Bruno de Sa Moreira. Lancée en octobre 2000 par Denis Zwirn, la librairie numérique Numilog fait elle aussi oeuvre de pionnier en vendant uniquement des livres numériques. La lecture d’un livre numérique sous droits nécessite un logiciel de lecture (téléchargeable gratuitement), par exemple l’Adobe Reader (pour les livres au format PDF), le Microsoft Reader (pour les livres au format LIT) et le Mobipocket Reader (pour les livres au format PRC). Deux variantes du livre numérique sont le livre numérique audio (appelé plus simplement livre audio), qu’on écoute au moyen d’une synthèse vocale, et le livre numérique braille (appelé plus simplement livre braille), lisible sur une plage braille ou imprimable sur une imprimante braille.Voir aussi: Adobe Reader, éditions 00h00, LIT, livre audio, livre braille, livre numérique, logiciel de lecture, Microsoft Reader, Mobipocket Reader, Numilog, PDA, PDF, PRC. -
5 livre audio
Le livre audio - ou livre audionumérique - est un livre numérique pouvant être lu sur une synthèse vocale. Son ancêtre est le livre audio sur bande magnétique ou sur cassette. La fabrication du livre audionumérique est régie par la norme DAISY (digital accessible information system). Cette norme se base sur le format DTB (digital talking book), un format permettant l’indexation du livre et l’ajout de signets pour une navigation facile au niveau du paragraphe, de la page et du chapitre. D’autres formats possibles sont les standards de compression audio (son, musique, voix) comme le MP3 ou le WMA (Windows media audio). Des collections enregistrées de livres du domaine public sont disponibles sur le web, par exemple celles d’AudioLivres (en français), LiteralSystems (en anglais), AudioBooksForFree (en anglais) et LibriVox (multilingue). -
6 domaine public
tomber dans le domaine public — Droit [œuvres d'art, invention] to be in the public domain; [œuvre littéraire] to be out of copyright
* * *nm1) (terrains appartenant à l'État) public land2) DROIT public domain* * * -
7 Il a livré l'affaire au public.
Dictionnaire français-tchèque > Il a livré l'affaire au public.
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8 format /livre
Un livre numérique dispose d’un format donné, qui permet de le lire sur tel ou tel logiciel de lecture, par exemple le format PDF (portable document format) sur l’Adobe Reader, le format LIT (abrégé du terme anglais "literature") sur le Microsoft Reader, le format PRC (Palm resource) sur le Mobipocket Reader, ou encore le format BRF (braille format) sur un logiciel de lecture braille ou le format DTB (digital talking book) sur un logiciel de synthèse vocale. Ces formats sont le plus souvent dérivés du format OeB (open ebook), un standard de publication de livres numériques disponible en septembre 1999. Formats pionniers, les formats TXT (text) et HTML (hypertext markup language) permettent de lire les textes électroniques quels que soient la plateforme et le logiciel utilisés. Ces formats sont très utilisés pour les oeuvres du domaine public. Un format peut être ouvert, comme le format OeB (open ebook), ou propriétaire, comme le format LIT (literature). -
9 domaine public
Une oeuvre tombe dans le domaine public à une date déterminée après la mort de son auteur. Cette date, variable selon les pays, est souvent de 70 ans après la mort de l’auteur, et parfois de 50 ans dans le cas de législations moins contraignantes. Avant cette date, l’oeuvre est soumise au copyright. On parle aussi d’une oeuvre sous droits. A la date dite, il devient possible d’utiliser l’oeuvre et de la diffuser librement, y compris sur l’internet. C’est la raison pour laquelle des bibliothèques numériques telles que Gallica ou le Projet Gutenberg diffusent essentiellement des oeuvres du domaine public, qui sont donc libres de droit. Ceci n’autorise pas pour autant la mutilation ou la déformation de l’oeuvre, le droit moral de l’auteur (respect de l’oeuvre et paternité de celle-ci) étant intemporel. Le New General Catalog of Old Books and Authors est une liste en cours de constitution de plusieurs centaines de milliers d’auteurs morts dont les livres ont été publiés avant 1964, pour permettre de déterminer si un livre appartient au domaine public ou non, en fonction de la législation d’un pays donné. Pour chaque auteur, on trouve les informations suivantes: nom, prénom, dates de naissance et de mort, pseudonyme, sexe, nationalité, titres publiés et dates de publication. En décembre 2006, cette liste recense 100.000 auteurs sur les 500.000 présumés, et 165.000 livres (avec des liens vers les 25.000 livres disponibles en ligne) sur les 2,5 millions présumés. Un travail de titan qui est l’oeuvre de Philip Harper. -
10 публичный реестр
livre public, ( для регистрации сделок) registre public, registre de publicité -
11 paraître
paraître° [paʀεtʀ]➭ TABLE 57━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. intransitive verba. ( = se montrer) to appearb. ( = sembler) to seemc. [journal, livre] to be published• « vient de paraître » "just out"• « à paraître » "forthcoming"d. ( = briller) to be noticede. ( = être visible) to show• il me paraît difficile qu'elle puisse venir it seems to me that it will be difficult for her to come• il va se marier, paraît-il or à ce qu'il paraît apparently he's getting married• il n'y paraîtra bientôt plus (tache, cicatrice) there will soon be no trace of it left ; (maladie) soon no one will ever know you've had it* * *paʀɛtʀ
1.
verbe intransitif1) [publication] to come out, to be published‘à paraître’ — ‘forthcoming titles’
2) ( sembler) to appear, to seem; ( avoir l'air) to lookcela peut paraître ridicule — this may appear ou seem ridiculous
3) ( devenir visible) [personne, objet, véhicule, soleil] to appearsans qu'il n'y paraisse rien, elle a fini par gagner tout le monde à sa cause — without anyone realizing, she ended up winning everyone over to her cause
4) ( se montrer) to appearchercher à/aimer paraître — to try/to like to be noticed
2.
verbe impersonnelil paraît qu'il/elle — apparently he/she
oui, il paraît — so I hear
* * *paʀɛtʀ1. vi1) [ouvrage, livre] to be published, to come out2) [marque, émotion] to show3) [personne] (= apparaître) to appearparaître à l'écran — to appear on the screen, (= comparaître)
4) (= briller) to show off2. vb (avec attribut)1) (= sembler) to seem, to appearÇa paraît incroyable. — It seems unbelievable.
2) (visuellement) to lookElle paraît plus jeune que son frère. — She looks younger than her brother.
Il ne paraît pas son âge. — He doesn't look his age.
La maison paraissait à l'abandon. — The house looked neglected.
paraître faire qch — to seem to be doing sth, to look as though one is doing sth
Il paraissait chercher une solution. — He seemed to be looking for a solution.
3. vb impersil paraît que... — apparently...
Il paraît qu'elle s'est mariée. — Apparently she's got married.
* * *paraître verb table: connaîtreA nm le paraître appearance.B vi1 Édition, Presse [publication] to come out, to be published; revue paraissant le jeudi/chaque semaine magazine which comes out on Thursdays/weekly; mon livre a paru l'an dernier my book came out ou was published last year; mon livre paraîtra aux éditions Hachette my book will be published by Hachette; faire paraître un article to publish an article; un article paru dans une revue an article which appeared in a magazine; ‘à paraître’ ‘forthcoming titles’; prochains ouvrages à paraître dans cette collection coming out soon in this collection; ‘vient de paraître’ ‘just out’, ‘just published’; dans la rubrique ‘vient de paraître’ in the ‘latest titles’;2 ( sembler) to appear, to seem; ( avoir l'air) to look; cela peut paraître ridicule this may appear ou seem ridiculous; il ne craint pas de paraître ridicule he's not afraid of looking silly; la situation paraît s'améliorer the situation appears ou seems to be improving; cette affaire me paraît louche this business looks ou seems fishy to me; aussi évident que cela puisse paraître however obvious this may appear ou seem (to be);3 ( devenir visible) [personne, objet, véhicule, soleil] to appear; quand elle parut à la fenêtre when she appeared at the window; avec le temps, la cicatrice ne paraîtra plus with time, the scar won't show any more; avec un peu de maquillage, il n'en paraîtra rien with a little make-up, it won't show at all; elle ne laisse rien paraître de ses sentiments she doesn' t let her feelings show at all; sans qu'il n'y paraisse rien, elle a fini par gagner tout le monde à sa cause without anyone realizing, she ended up winning everyone round GB ou over to her cause; ce qu'ils font paraître à l'écran n'a rien à voir avec la réalité what they show us on the screen has nothing to do with reality;4 ( se montrer) to appear; paraître en public to appear in public; il n'a pas paru à son bureau de la semaine he hasn't shown up at his office all week; paraître à son avantage to look one's best; chercher à/aimer paraître to try/like to be seen in one's best light.C v impers il paraît que apparently; il paraîtrait que it would seem that; il me paraît inutile de faire it seems useless to me to do; ce n'est peut-être pas aussi grave qu'il (n'y) paraît it may not be as serious as it seems; paraît-il it seems; il paraît qu'elle a déménagé ( information) apparently she's moved; ( question) I hear she's moved; oui, il paraît so I hear; il paraît que les Français adorent la musique the French are supposed to love music; à ce qu'il paraît apparently.I[parɛtr] nom masculinle paraître appearance, appearancesII[parɛtr] verbe intransitif1. [se montrer - soleil] to appear, to come out ; [ - émotion] to show ; [ - personne attendue] to appear, to turn up ; [ - dignitaire, prince] to appear, to make a public appearance ; [ - acteur] to appear2. [figurer] to appearil ne paraît pas très à l'aise dans son costume he doesn't seem (to be) very comfortable in his suitparaître plus jeune que l'on n'est to seem ou to look ou to appear younger than one istu as retrouvé du travail, paraît-il I hear you've got a new job5. [se donner en spectacle] to show off————————[parɛtr] verbe transitif————————[parɛtr] verbe impersonnelça ne paraît pas (mais...) [ça ne se voit pas] it doesn't look like it (but...)il me paraît préférable de se décider maintenant I think it's better ou it seems better to make up our minds nowvous êtes renvoyé? — il paraît have you been fired? — it looks like it ou so it seemsil paraît que... I've heard (that)..., it would seem (that)...il paraîtrait qu'il a trois enfants it would seem ou appear (that) he's got three children -
12 parler
parler [paʀle]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━➭ TABLE 11. <a. to speak• parlez plus fort ! speak up!• parle pour toi ! speak for yourself!• n'en parlons plus ! let's forget about it!• sans parler de... not to mention...• tu parles d'une brute ! talk about a brute!b. ( = faire la conversation) to talk• les enfants commencent à parler au cours de leur seconde année babies start talking in their second year• faire parler de soi to get o.s. talked about• de quoi ça parle, ton livre ? what is your book about?► parler de faire qch to talk about doing sthc. ( = révéler des faits) to talk2. <a. [+ langue] to speak3. <a. (à soi-même) to talk to o.s.4. <a. ( = manière de parler) speechb. ( = langue régionale) dialect* * *
I
1. paʀle1) ( savoir manier) to speak [langue]2) ( discuter)parler affaires/politique — to talk (about) business/politics
parler littérature/cinéma — to talk (about) books/films
2.
parler à verbe transitif indirectparler à — ( s'adresser) to talk ou speak to; ( ne pas être brouillé) to be on speaking terms with
trouver à qui parler — fig to meet one's match
moi qui vous parle, je n'aurais jamais cru ça! — (colloq) I'm telling you, I'd never have believed it!
3.
parler de verbe transitif indirect1) ( discuter)parler de — to talk about; ( mentionner)
parler de tout et de rien, parler de choses et d'autres — to talk about this and that ou one thing and another
faire parler de soi — gén to get oneself talked about; ( dans les médias) to make the news
tu parles d'une aubaine! — (colloq) talk about a bargain! (colloq)
ta promesse/son travail, parlons-en! — some promise/work!
n'en parlons plus! — ( ça suffit) let's drop it; (c'est oublié, pardonné) that's the end of it
finis-le, comme ça on n'en parle plus — finish it, then it's done
2) ( traiter) [article, film, livre]3) ( s'entretenir)parler de quelque chose/quelqu'un avec quelqu'un — to talk to somebody about something/somebody
parler de quelque chose/quelqu'un à quelqu'un — ( l'entretenir de) to talk to somebody about something/somebody, to tell somebody about something/somebody
4.
verbe intransitif1) ( articuler des mots) [enfant, perroquet, poupée] to talk; ( d'une certaine façon) to speak, to talkparler vite/fort/en russe — to speak ou talk fast/loudly/in Russian
parler du nez/avec un accent — to speak with a nasal twang/with an accent
2) ( s'exprimer) to speakparle, on t'écoute — come on ou speak up, we're listening
une prime? tu parles! — (colloq) a bonus? you must be joking! (colloq)
tu parles si je viens! — (colloq) ( bien sûr) you bet I'm coming! (colloq)
3) ( bavarder) to talkparler avec quelqu'un — to talk ou speak to somebody (de about)
4) ( faire des aveux) to talk
5.
se parler verbe pronominal1) ( communiquer) to talk ou speak (to each other)2) ( ne pas être brouillés) to be on speaking terms3) ( être utilisé) [langue] to be spoken
II paʀlenom masculin1) ( manière de s'exprimer) way of talking; ( langage) speech2) Linguistique dialect* * *paʀle1. nm1) [individu] speech, way of speaking2) [région] dialect2. vi1) (être capable de parole) to talk, to speakIl ne pouvait plus parler. — He could no longer speak.
2) (= s'exprimer) to speak, to talkparler à qn — to speak to sb, to talk to sb
parler de qch — to talk about sth, (conférence) to speak about sth
Il m'a parlé de sa nouvelle voiture. — He told me about his new car.
un homme qui a beaucoup fait parler de lui cette année — a man who has been much talked about this year
parler pour qn (= intercéder) — to speak for sb
3) (= discuter) to talkNous étions en train de parler quand le directeur est entré. — We were talking when the headmaster came in.
Je parlais justement avec lui. — I was just talking to him.
4) (= avouer) to talk3. vt1) [langue] to speakIl parle dix langues. — He speaks ten languages.
2)* * *parler verb table: aimerA nm1 ( manière de s'exprimer) way of talking; ( langage) speech; elle a un parler vulgaire she has a common way of talking; parler négligé/soigné sloppy/polished speech; un parler vrai qui ne plaît pas à tous an outspokenness that some people don't like;2 Ling dialect.B vtr2 ( discuter) parler affaires/politique to talk (about) business/politics; parler littérature/cinéma to talk books/films; parler boulot○ or boutique○ to talk shop○.C parler à vtr ind ( s'adresser) parler à qn to talk ou speak to sb; ( ne pas être brouillé avec) to be on speaking terms with sb; j'ai à vous parler I must talk ou speak to you; il ne leur parle plus he's no longer on speaking terms with them; c'est parler à un mur it's like talking to a brick wall; trouver à qui parler fig to meet one's match; moi qui vous parle, je n'aurais jamais cru ça○! I'm telling you, I'd never have believed it!; ça parle au cœur it has a strong emotional appeal; ça parle à l'imagination it fires the imagination.D parler de vtr ind1 ( discuter) parler de qch/qn to talk about sth/sb; ( mentionner) to mention sth/sb; parler de tout et de rien, parler de choses et d'autres to talk about one thing and another; ils parlent encore de politique they're talking (about) politics again; on ne parle que de ça everybody is talking about it; toute la ville en parle it's the talk of the town; faire parler de soi gén to get oneself talked about; ( dans les médias) to make the news; la France et l'Italie, pour ne parler que des pays de la CEE France and Italy, to mention only EC countries; j'ai tous les soucis, sans parler des frais I have all the worry, not to mention the expense; c'est d'épidémie qu'il faut parler we're talking about an epidemic here; le spécialiste parle d'une opération/d'opérer the consultant is talking of an operation/of operating; on parle d'un gymnase/de construire un gymnase there's talk of a gymnasium/of building a gymnasium; on en parle there's talk of it; on parle d'un écologiste pour ce poste they're talking of giving the job to an ecologist; qui parle de vous expulser? who said anything about throwing you out?; parler mal de qn to badmouth○, to speak ill of sb; tu parles d'une aubaine○! (admiratif, iron) talk about a bargain○!; ta promesse/son travail, parlons-en! iron some promise/work!; n'en parlons plus! ( ça suffit) let's drop it; (c'est oublié, pardonné) that's the end of it; finis-le, comme ça on n'en parle plus finish it, then it's done; ‘c'était dur?’-‘n'en parlons pas○!’ ‘was it hard?’-‘unbelievable○!’;2 ( traiter) [article, film, livre] parler de to be about; de quoi ça parle○? what' s it about?; les journaux en ont parlé it was in the papers;3 ( s'entretenir) parler de qch/qn avec qn to talk to sb about sth/sb; on peut parler de tout avec eux you can talk to them about anything; il faut que j'en parle avec mes collègues I must talk to my colleagues about it; parler de qch/qn à qn ( l'entretenir de) to talk to sb about sth/sb, to tell sb about sth/sb; ( lui souffler mot de) to mention sth/sb to sb; il va parler de toi à son chef he'll put in a word for you with his boss; de quoi va-t-il nous parler? what is he going to talk to us about?; il nous a parlé de vous he's told us about you; parle-moi de tes projets/amis tell me about your plans/friends; ne leur en parle pas don't tell them about it, don't mention it to them; il ne m'a jamais parlé de sa famille he's never mentioned his family to me; on m'a beaucoup parlé de vous I've heard a lot about you; ne m'en parlez pas! don't talk to me about it!; je ne veux pas qu'on m'en parle I don't want to hear about it, I don't want to know; avec le café, parlez-moi d'un bon cognac with coffee, a good brandy is just the thing○; la lecture? parle-lui plutôt de football! books? he would rather hear about football GB ou soccer!E vi1 ( articuler des mots) [enfant, perroquet, poupée] to talk; ( d'une certaine façon) to speak, to talk; elle a parlé à 14 mois she started to talk at 14 months; parler vite/fort/en russe to speak ou talk fast/loudly/in Russian; parle plus fort speak up, speak louder; parler du nez/avec un accent to speak with a nasal twang/with an accent, to have a nasal twang/an accent; parler entre ses dents to mumble;2 ( s'exprimer) to speak; parler en public to speak in public; laisse-le parler let him speak, let him have his say; parler pour qn ( en son nom) to speak for sb; ( en sa faveur) to speak up on sb's behalf; parle pour toi! speak for yourself!; c'est à vous de parler ( dans débat) it's your turn to speak; ( aux cartes) it's your bid; parle, on t'écoute come on ou speak up, we're listening; écologiquement/économiquement parlant ecologically/economically speaking; parler sincèrement to speak sincerely; les faits parlent d'eux-mêmes the facts speak for themselves; laisser parler son cœur fig to speak from the heart; parler avec les mains hum to gesticulate a great deal, to talk with one's hands; parler par gestes to communicate by means of gestures; les muets parlent par signes the speech-impaired use sign language; tu parles sérieusement? are you serious?; si l'on peut parler ainsi if one can put it like that; parler en connaissance de cause to know what one is talking about; bien parlé! well said!; elle n'a qu'à parler, il obéit he obeys her every word; une prime? tu parles○! a bonus? you must be joking○!; tu parles si je viens○! ( bien sûr) you bet I'm coming○!; faire parler la poudre ( dans une bagarre) to start shooting; ( entrer en guerre) to go to war;3 ( bavarder) to talk; parler avec qn to talk ou speak to sb (de about); parler pour ne rien dire to talk for the sake of talking, to talk drivel; parler à tort et à travers to talk through one's hat○; il s'écoute parler he loves the sound of his own voice; parlons peu et parlons bien let's get down to business; ⇒ nuire;4 ( faire des aveux) to talk, to blab○; ( dénoncer) to grass○ GB, to squeal; faire parler qn to make sb talk.F se parler vpr1 ( communiquer) to talk ou speak (to each other); ils se sont parlé au téléphone they spoke on the telephone; on s'est parlé deux minutes we spoke ou talked for a couple of minutes;2 ( ne pas être brouillés) to be on speaking terms; ils ne se parlent pas they're not on speaking terms;3 ( être utilisé) [langue, dialecte] to be spoken.I[parle] nom masculinII[parle] verbe intransitifA.[FAIRE UN ÉNONCÉ]parler bas ou à voix basse to speak softly ou in a low voiceparler haut ou à voix haute to speak loudly ou in a loud voiceparle plus fort speak louder ou upparlez moins fort keep your voice down, don't speak so loudparler par gestes ou signes to use sign languageje n'ai pas l'habitude de parler en public I'm not used to speaking in public ou to public speakingil parle mal [improprement] he doesn't talk correctlytu parles en nouveaux francs? are you talking in ou do you mean new francs?il a fait parler l'adolescent he drew the adolescent out of himself, he got the adolescent to talkparler pour ou à la place de quelqu'un to speak for somebody ou on somebody's behalfparler contre/pour to speak against/forpolitiquement/artistiquement parlant politically/artistically speakingparler à quelqu'un [lui manifester ses sentiments] to talk to ou to speak to ou to have a word with somebodyparler à quelqu'un [s'adresser à quelqu'un] to talk ou to speak to somebodyje ne leur parle plus I'm not on speaking terms with them any more, I don't speak to them any morepuis-je parler à Virginie? [au téléphone] may I speak to Virginie?parler à quelqu'un [l'émouvoir, le toucher] to speak ou to appeal to somebody3. [discuter] to talkassez parlé, allons-y! that's enough chat, let's go!parler de quelque chose/quelqu'un to talk ou to speak about something/somebodytiens, en parlant de vacances, Luc a une villa à louer hey, talking of holidays, Luc has a villa to letparler de quelqu'un/quelque chose [le mentionner]: le livre parle de la guerre the book is about ou deals with the warparler (de) religion/(de) littérature to talk religion/literatureparler de faire quelque chose to talk about ou of doing somethingparler de quelque chose/quelqu'un comme de: on parle d'elle comme d'une candidate possible she's being talked about ou billed as a possible candidateon m'en avait parlé comme d'une femme austère I'd been told she was ou she'd been described to me as a stern sort of womanaprès ça, qu'on ne vienne plus me parler de solidarité after that, I don't want to hear any more about solidarityparlez-moi un peu de vous/de ce que vous avez ressenti tell me something about yourself/what you feltje cherche un travail, alors, si vous pouviez lui parler de moi I'm looking for a job, so if you could have a word with her about me[jaser] to talkb. [dans la presse] to get one's name in the papers4. [avouer] to talkfaire parler quelqu'un to make somebody talk, to get somebody to talk5. [être éloquent] to speak volumesles chiffres/faits parlent d'eux-mêmes the figures/facts speak for themselves6. JEUXB.[LOCUTIONS] (langage familier)a. [bien sûr] did you like it? — you bet!b. [pas du tout] did you like it? — you must be joking!a. [je vais lui rendre] you bet I'll give it back to him!b. [je ne vais pas lui rendre] there's no way I'm giving it back to him!tu parles de, vous parlez de: tu parles d'une déception! talk about a letdown!, it was such a letdown!ne m'en parle pas, m'en parle pas: c'est difficile — ne m'en parle pas! it's difficult — don't tell me ou you're telling me ou you don't say!parlons-en: laisse faire la justice — ah, parlons-en, de leur justice! let justice take its course — justice indeed ou some justice!sa timidité? parlons-en! her shyness? that's a good one ou you must be joking!n'en parlons pas: l'échéance d'avril, n'en parlons pas let's not even talk about ou mention the April deadlinen'en parlons plus let's not mention it again, let's say no more about it————————[parle] verbe transitif[langue] to speakparler affaires/politique to talk business/politics————————se parler verbe pronominal(emploi réciproque) to talk to one another ou each other————————se parler verbe pronominal————————se parler verbe pronominal————————sans parler de locution prépositionnellesans parler du fait que... to say nothing of..., without mentioning the fact that... -
13 succès
succès [syksε]masculine noun• cette pièce a eu un grand succès or beaucoup de succès the play was a great success► à succès [auteur, roman, chanson] successful* * *syksɛnom masculin invariable successvotre succès aux élections/à l'école — your success in the elections/at school
avoir du succès, être un succès — [produit, livre, opération] to be a success ( auprès de with); [disque, chanson] to be a hit ( auprès de with)
avoir du succès — [artiste] to be a success
avoir du succès auprès de quelqu'un — [personne] to be a hit with somebody
faire le succès de quelqu'un/quelque chose — to make somebody/something successful
à succès — [acteur, pièce, film] successful
* * *syksɛ nm1) (= réussite) successavoir du succès — to be a success, to be successful
2) (= chanson) hit* * *succès nm inv success; une série de succès a string of successes; succès scolaires/universitaires scholastic/academic success; un nouveau succès diplomatique pour another diplomatic success for; votre succès aux élections/à l'école/en politique your success in the elections/at school/in politics; le succès du mois this month's big success ou hit; avoir du succès, être un succès [produit, livre, opération, formule] to be a success (auprès de with); [disque, chanson] to be a hit (auprès de with); avoir du succès [artiste] to be a success; avoir du succès auprès de qn [personne] to be a favouriteGB ou a hit with sb; avoir un succès fou [personne, produit] to be a big hit (auprès de with); leur proposition n'a eu aucun succès their proposal met with no success; connaître un grand succès to be a great success; remporter un succès to score a success; remporter des succès to achieve success; faire le succès de qn/qch to make sb/sth successful; à succès [acteur, pièce, film] successful; auteur à succès best-selling author; avec succès successfully; avec un égal succès equally successfully; sans succès unsuccessfully; sans grand succès without much success.succès d'estime succès d'estime, critical though not popular acclaim.[syksɛ] nom masculin1. [heureux résultat, réussite personnelle] successêtre couronné de succès to be crowned with success, to be successful2. [exploit, performance] success[en amour] conquestaller ou voler de succès en succès to go from one success to anothera. [œuvre, artiste] to be successfulb. [suggestion] to be very well receivedavoir du succès auprès de quelqu'un: sa pièce a eu beaucoup de succès auprès des critiques mais peu auprès du public his play was acclaimed by the critics but the public was less than enthusiasticil a beaucoup de succès auprès des femmes/jeunes he's very popular with women/young peopleeh bien, il a du succès, mon soufflé! well, I see you like my soufflé ou my soufflé appears to be a success!4. [chanson] hit[film, pièce] (box-office) hit ou successsuccès d'estime critical acclaim, succès d'estimel'ouvrage a été un succès d'estime the book was well-received by the critics (but not by the public)sa comédie musicale a été un immense succès commercial his musical was a box office hit ou a runaway successa. [film] a big successb. [livre] a best-sellerc. [disque] a hità succès locution adjectivale[auteur, chanteur] popularchanson à succès hit record ou songromancier à succès popular ou best-selling novelistavec succès locution adverbialesans succès locution adverbiale -
14 sum
sum, esse, fui - voir l'article sum de Gaffiot. [ABCR]I - sum, esse, fŭi: - la conjugaison - formes arch.: esum = sum, Varr. L. 9, 199 ; essis = es, Acc. d. Non. 200, 30; escit = erit, XII T. d. Gell. 20, 1, 25; Lucr. 1, 619; escunt = erunt, Cic. Leg. 2, 60 --- parf. fuvimus, Enn. d. Cic de Or. 3, 168; fuveit, Cil 1, 1051 --- subj. prés. siem, sies, siet, sient, Plaut. Amp. 57; 924; 58 ; Lucr. 3, 101; Plaut. Amp. 209; etc. ; fuam, fuas, fuat, fuant, Plaut. Bac. 156; Andr. Tr. 21; Plaut. Amp. 985; Bac. 1033; etc. --- part. prés. ens, employé par Caes. selon Prisc. 18, 75. [st1]1 [-] être, exister (il y a); vivre, durer; qqf. au parf. avoir vécu, n'être plus; être (avec attribut). - si abest, nullus est, Plaut. Bacch. 2: séparé d'elle, il n'existe plus. - nisi fuisset Archimedes, Cic.: sans Archimède (si Archimède n'avait pas existé). - ergo Dama nusquam est! Hor.: Dama n'est donc plus! - cogito, ergo sum: je pense, donc je suis. - dum ero: tant que je vivrai. - fuit Ilium, Virg.: c'en est fait de Troie (Troie a existé, Troie n'est plus). - flumen est Arar, quod in Rhodanum influit, Caes. B. G. 1: il y a une rivière, la Saône, qui se jette dans le Rhône. - est locus, Hesperiam quam mortales perhibebant, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6: il y a un lieu que les mortels appelaient Hespérie. - homo nequissimus omnium qui sunt, qui fuerunt, qui futuri sunt! Cic. Fam. 11: l'homme le plus pervers qui soit, qui ait existé ou qui puisse jamais être. - Indus, qui est omnium fluminum maximus: l'Indus, qui est le plus grand de tous les fleuves. - turpitudo pejus est quam dolor, Cic.: la honte est pire que la douleur. [st1]2 [-] avec datif - être à, appartenir à. - est mihi liber: [un livre (quelconque) est à moi] = j'ai un livre. - sunt nobis mitia poma, Virg.: nous avons des fruits délicieux. - spes mihi erat: j'avais espoir. - mihi nomen est Marcus (Marco): [un nom est à moi, Marc]= je m'appelle Marc. - cui nomen Arethusa est, Cic.: (source) qui porte le nom d'Aréthuse. - Scipio, cui post Africano fuit cognomen, Liv. 25: Scipion, qu'on surnomma plus tard l'Africain. - paene tibi fuit Phronesium! Plaut.: Phronésion a failli être à toi ! [st1]3 [-] avec génitif - être (celui de...), être à, appartenir à; être du parti de. - haec domus patris mei est: [cette maison est (la maison) de mon père] = cette maison est celle de mon père (cette maison est la propriété de mon père). - hic liber Petri est: ce livre est à Pierre. - omnia hostium erant: tout était aux mains des ennemis. - totus Pompei erat: il était tout dévoué à Pompée. - esse suarum rerum, Liv.: s'attacher à ses intérêts. - meus, tuus, noster, vester au lieu du génitif. - hic liber meus est: ce livre est le mien, ce livre est à moi. - haec domus mea est: cette maison m'appartient. - totus tuus ego sum: je suis tout entier à toi. - divitiae meae sunt, tu es divitiarum, Sen.: les richesses m'appartiennent, et tu appartiens aux richesses. - esse Romae partis, esse Philippi, Liv.: être du parti de Rome, être du côté de Philippe. [st1]4 [-] avec génitif - être le propre de, être le rôle de, être le devoir, le droit, le privilège, le caractère de..., être du domaine de, être du ressort de. - regis est tueri cives: c'est le devoir d'un roi de protéger ses sujets. - extremae dementiae est...: c'est le comble de la folie (de). - meum, tuum... au lieu du génitif. - meum est loqui: c'est à moi de parler. [st1]5 [-] avec double datif (datif d'intérêt et datif de destination): [être à qqn qui est destiné à...]. - voir la grammaire. - hoc erit tibi dolori: **ce sera pour toi à douleur** = ce sera pour toi une cause de douleur. - esse omnibus odio: être haï de tous. - esse alicui dolori: être pour qqn une cause de chagrin. - alicui esse impedimento, Cic.: être un obstacle pour qqn. - quid tibi rei mecum est? Ter.: qu'ai-je à démêler avec toi? [st1]6 [-] avec génitif marquant la qualité ou la quantité. - egregiae indolis est: il est d'un excellent caractère (il a un excellent caractère). - nullius consilii sum: je suis un homme indécis. - Sulla gentis patriciae nobilis fuit, Sall. J. 95: Sylla était de famille noble. - somni brevissimi erat, Suet.: il dormait fort peu. - res est magni laboris: la chose demande de grands efforts. - classis erat centum navium: la flotte était de cent bateaux. [st1]7 [-] avec ablatif marquant la qualité. - esse ingenio pravo, Sall.: avoir une âme perverse. - esse bono animo, Cic.: avoir bon courage. - esse magnā gloriā, Cic.: jouir d'une haute considération. - tenuissimā valetudine esse, Caes.: être d'une santé très délicate. - esse capite raso, Cic.: avoir la tête rasée. - iracundiā summā esse: être très irrité. [st1]8 [-] être (dans un lieu), se trouver, séjourner, rester, demeurer; être (de telle ou telle manière); être (avec qqn, auprès de qqn); aller, arriver, venir. - sum Romae: je suis à Rome. - sum in foro: je suis au forum. - quid fuit in illis litteris? Cic.: qu'y avait-il dans cette lettre? - esse in publico: paraître en public. - esse in laxa toga, Tib. 2: porter une toge flottante. - esse in Tyriis, Ov.: avoir une robe de pourpre. - esse in aere alieno: être endetté. - esse in spe, Cic.: avoir de l'espoir. - esse in nummis multis, Cic.: être très riche. - esse in odio, Cic.: être haï. - fuit ad me sane diu, Cic. Att. 10, 4, 8: il resta longtemps avec moi. - esse libenter cum aliquo, Cic.: voir qqn avec plaisir. - qui ante fuerant ad Caesarem, Caes.: ceux qui d'abord étaient venus vers César. - quo die in Tusculanum essem futurus, Cic.: le jour où je devais arriver à ma maison de Tusculum. - fuisti apud Laecam illa nocte, Cic. Cat. 1: tu t'es rendu chez Léca cette nuit-là. [st1]9 [-] avec génitif de prix (qqf. avec ablatif de prix): être de (telle valeur), valoir coûter. - magni (s.-ent. pretii) esse: coûter beaucoup. - esse nihili: ne rien valoir. - magni erunt mihi tuae litterae, Cic. Fam. 15: ta lettre sera d'un grand prix pour moi. - mea mihi conscientia pluris est quam omnium sermo, Cic. Att. 12: ma conscience pour moi vaut plus que tous les discours. - mille sestertiis esse: coûter mille sesterces. - sextante sal et Romae et per totam Iialiam erat, Liv. 29: le sel coûtait un sextant à Rome comme dans l'Italie entière. [st1]10 [-] arriver, se produire, avoir lieu. - quid tibi est? Ter.: qu'as-tu? - (solis defectio) quae fuit regnante Romulo, Cic. Rep. 1: (éclipse) qui eut lieu sous le règne de Romulus. - ut est: comme il arrive. - est ut + subj. (est + inf.): il arrive que, il peut se faire que, on peut. - futurum rati ut...: persuadés qu'il arriverait que... - non est ut...: il n'est pas possible que...., il n'y a pas lieu de... - est ut velis, Ter.: il se trouve que tu veux. - quando fuit ut...? Cic.: quand est-il arrivé que...? quand a-t-on vu que...? - quando fuit ut quod licet non liceret? Cic. Cael.: quand a-t-on vu que ce qui est permis aujourd'hui a cessé de l'être? - in eo (res) est ut + subj.: les choses en sont au point que... (il va bientôt arriver que...). - prope est ut...: il va bientôt arriver que... - est (ita) ut dicis: c'est bien comme tu dis. - id quod erat, Liv.: ce qui était vrai (c'est ce qui se passait). - res erat eo loci, Cic.: l'affaire en était là. [st1]11 [-] avec adj. verbal au génitif - être de nature à, avoir pour but de, servir à, tendre à. - esse conservandae libertatis, Sall.: avoir pour but le maintien de la liberté. - esse dissolvendarum religionum, Liv.: être de nature à détruire le culte. - quae res evertendae rei publicae solebant esse, Cic.: ces faits tendaient ordinairement à ruiner l'Etat. [st1]12 [-] avec datif de destination ou de but; avec ad + acc. - esse solvendo aeri alieno: être en état de payer ses dettes, être solvable. - non esse solvendo: ne pas être en mesure de payer ses dettes, être insolvable. - esse vescendo: être bon à manger. - esse oneri ferendo, Liv.: être capable de porter une charge. - esse ad ornandum templum, Cic.: servir à la décoration du temple. - esse ad aliquid: être utile à qqch, servir à qqch. - esse ad alvum crudam, Cato. R. R. 125: être efficace pour les indigestions. - esui potuique esse, Dig.: être bon à manger et à boire. - esse argumento: être une preuve. - esse probro, Cic.: être déshonorant. - esse crimini, Cic.: être un grief. [st1]13 [-] avec une subordonnée (souvent avec verbe au subjonctif). - sunt qui + subj.: il y a des gens qui ([des gens tels qu'ils]), il y a des gens pour, il y a des gens capables de. - sunt qui sciant: il y a des gens qui savent. - erant sententiae quae castra Vari oppugnanda censerent, Caes. B. C. 2, 30: il y avait les avis de personnes qui pensaient qu'on devait assiéger le camp de Varus. - erat nemo in quem ea suspicio conveniret, Cic.: il n'y avait personne sur qui pût se porter un tel soupçon. - sunt qui + ind.: il y a des gens qui. - sunt qui quod sentiunt non audent dicere, Cic.: il y a des gens qui n'osent pas dire ce qu'ils pensent. - sunt quae omitti, Cic.: il y a des détails que j'ai oubliés. - sunt bestiae quaedam, in quibus inest aliquid simile virtutis, Cic. Fin. 5: il y a des bêtes qui ont en elles quelque chose de semblable à la vertu. - est ubi + subj.: il y a des cas où. - erit ubi te ulciscar, Plaut.: je trouverai l'occasion de te punir. - est quod: il y a une raison pour que, il y a lieu de. - est quod succenset tibi, Ter.: il a des raisons d'être irrité contre toi. - est quod referam ad consilium, Liv.: il faut que j'en réfère au conseil. - est quod dici possit: il y a une chose qu'on pourrait dire. - est quod differat, Cic.: il y a une différence. - est quod gaudeas, Cic.: tu as raison de te réjouir. - non est quod (non est cur, nihil est quod): il n'y a pas lieu de, il n'y a pas de raison de. - quid est quod: quelle raison y a-t-il de...? - quid erat quod querebatur? Cic.: quelle raison avait-il de se plaindre? - quid erat quod querebatur? Cic.: pourquoi se plaignait-il? quelle raison y avait-il qui expliquât ses plaintes? [st1]14 [-] esse ab aliquo: être du côté de qqn, être de son parti, être pour quelqu'un. - esse ab aliquo (esse pro aliquo): être partisan de qqn, être de l'avis de qqn. - a Phaedro esse, Cic. Att. 16: être disciple de Phèdre. - est a me hoc totum: tout cela est fait pour moi, tout cela est en ma faveur. - vide ne hoc totum sit a me, Cic.: prends bien garde que tout cela ne soit en ma faveur? - esne tu ab illo milite? Plaut.: es-tu esclave de ce soldat? - erat ab Aristotele, Cic.: c'était un Aristotélicien. [st1]15 [-] reposer sur, dépendre de, être du ressort de. - non est id in nobis: cela ne dépend pas de nous. - omnis spes est in aliquo: tout l'espoir repose sur qqn. - vivat an ille occidat, in dis est, Ov.: sa vie ou sa mort dépendent des dieux. [st1]16 [-] avec un infinitif - pouvoir. - cernere erat, Virg.: on voyait (on pouvait voir). [st1]17 [-] latinismes remarquables - bene est: cela va bien. - est recte apud matrem, Cic.: chez ma mère, tout va bien (ma mère se porte bien). - est ita (est vero): il en est ainsi, oui. - esto (sit ita sane): eh bien, soit! - id est (hoc est): à savoir, c'est-à-dire. - quid hoc rei est?: qu'est-ce à dire? - voir fore - esto. [ABCR]II - sum = eum; Enn. An. 98, cf. Fest. 298.* * *sum, esse, fui - voir l'article sum de Gaffiot. [ABCR]I - sum, esse, fŭi: - la conjugaison - formes arch.: esum = sum, Varr. L. 9, 199 ; essis = es, Acc. d. Non. 200, 30; escit = erit, XII T. d. Gell. 20, 1, 25; Lucr. 1, 619; escunt = erunt, Cic. Leg. 2, 60 --- parf. fuvimus, Enn. d. Cic de Or. 3, 168; fuveit, Cil 1, 1051 --- subj. prés. siem, sies, siet, sient, Plaut. Amp. 57; 924; 58 ; Lucr. 3, 101; Plaut. Amp. 209; etc. ; fuam, fuas, fuat, fuant, Plaut. Bac. 156; Andr. Tr. 21; Plaut. Amp. 985; Bac. 1033; etc. --- part. prés. ens, employé par Caes. selon Prisc. 18, 75. [st1]1 [-] être, exister (il y a); vivre, durer; qqf. au parf. avoir vécu, n'être plus; être (avec attribut). - si abest, nullus est, Plaut. Bacch. 2: séparé d'elle, il n'existe plus. - nisi fuisset Archimedes, Cic.: sans Archimède (si Archimède n'avait pas existé). - ergo Dama nusquam est! Hor.: Dama n'est donc plus! - cogito, ergo sum: je pense, donc je suis. - dum ero: tant que je vivrai. - fuit Ilium, Virg.: c'en est fait de Troie (Troie a existé, Troie n'est plus). - flumen est Arar, quod in Rhodanum influit, Caes. B. G. 1: il y a une rivière, la Saône, qui se jette dans le Rhône. - est locus, Hesperiam quam mortales perhibebant, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6: il y a un lieu que les mortels appelaient Hespérie. - homo nequissimus omnium qui sunt, qui fuerunt, qui futuri sunt! Cic. Fam. 11: l'homme le plus pervers qui soit, qui ait existé ou qui puisse jamais être. - Indus, qui est omnium fluminum maximus: l'Indus, qui est le plus grand de tous les fleuves. - turpitudo pejus est quam dolor, Cic.: la honte est pire que la douleur. [st1]2 [-] avec datif - être à, appartenir à. - est mihi liber: [un livre (quelconque) est à moi] = j'ai un livre. - sunt nobis mitia poma, Virg.: nous avons des fruits délicieux. - spes mihi erat: j'avais espoir. - mihi nomen est Marcus (Marco): [un nom est à moi, Marc]= je m'appelle Marc. - cui nomen Arethusa est, Cic.: (source) qui porte le nom d'Aréthuse. - Scipio, cui post Africano fuit cognomen, Liv. 25: Scipion, qu'on surnomma plus tard l'Africain. - paene tibi fuit Phronesium! Plaut.: Phronésion a failli être à toi ! [st1]3 [-] avec génitif - être (celui de...), être à, appartenir à; être du parti de. - haec domus patris mei est: [cette maison est (la maison) de mon père] = cette maison est celle de mon père (cette maison est la propriété de mon père). - hic liber Petri est: ce livre est à Pierre. - omnia hostium erant: tout était aux mains des ennemis. - totus Pompei erat: il était tout dévoué à Pompée. - esse suarum rerum, Liv.: s'attacher à ses intérêts. - meus, tuus, noster, vester au lieu du génitif. - hic liber meus est: ce livre est le mien, ce livre est à moi. - haec domus mea est: cette maison m'appartient. - totus tuus ego sum: je suis tout entier à toi. - divitiae meae sunt, tu es divitiarum, Sen.: les richesses m'appartiennent, et tu appartiens aux richesses. - esse Romae partis, esse Philippi, Liv.: être du parti de Rome, être du côté de Philippe. [st1]4 [-] avec génitif - être le propre de, être le rôle de, être le devoir, le droit, le privilège, le caractère de..., être du domaine de, être du ressort de. - regis est tueri cives: c'est le devoir d'un roi de protéger ses sujets. - extremae dementiae est...: c'est le comble de la folie (de). - meum, tuum... au lieu du génitif. - meum est loqui: c'est à moi de parler. [st1]5 [-] avec double datif (datif d'intérêt et datif de destination): [être à qqn qui est destiné à...]. - voir la grammaire. - hoc erit tibi dolori: **ce sera pour toi à douleur** = ce sera pour toi une cause de douleur. - esse omnibus odio: être haï de tous. - esse alicui dolori: être pour qqn une cause de chagrin. - alicui esse impedimento, Cic.: être un obstacle pour qqn. - quid tibi rei mecum est? Ter.: qu'ai-je à démêler avec toi? [st1]6 [-] avec génitif marquant la qualité ou la quantité. - egregiae indolis est: il est d'un excellent caractère (il a un excellent caractère). - nullius consilii sum: je suis un homme indécis. - Sulla gentis patriciae nobilis fuit, Sall. J. 95: Sylla était de famille noble. - somni brevissimi erat, Suet.: il dormait fort peu. - res est magni laboris: la chose demande de grands efforts. - classis erat centum navium: la flotte était de cent bateaux. [st1]7 [-] avec ablatif marquant la qualité. - esse ingenio pravo, Sall.: avoir une âme perverse. - esse bono animo, Cic.: avoir bon courage. - esse magnā gloriā, Cic.: jouir d'une haute considération. - tenuissimā valetudine esse, Caes.: être d'une santé très délicate. - esse capite raso, Cic.: avoir la tête rasée. - iracundiā summā esse: être très irrité. [st1]8 [-] être (dans un lieu), se trouver, séjourner, rester, demeurer; être (de telle ou telle manière); être (avec qqn, auprès de qqn); aller, arriver, venir. - sum Romae: je suis à Rome. - sum in foro: je suis au forum. - quid fuit in illis litteris? Cic.: qu'y avait-il dans cette lettre? - esse in publico: paraître en public. - esse in laxa toga, Tib. 2: porter une toge flottante. - esse in Tyriis, Ov.: avoir une robe de pourpre. - esse in aere alieno: être endetté. - esse in spe, Cic.: avoir de l'espoir. - esse in nummis multis, Cic.: être très riche. - esse in odio, Cic.: être haï. - fuit ad me sane diu, Cic. Att. 10, 4, 8: il resta longtemps avec moi. - esse libenter cum aliquo, Cic.: voir qqn avec plaisir. - qui ante fuerant ad Caesarem, Caes.: ceux qui d'abord étaient venus vers César. - quo die in Tusculanum essem futurus, Cic.: le jour où je devais arriver à ma maison de Tusculum. - fuisti apud Laecam illa nocte, Cic. Cat. 1: tu t'es rendu chez Léca cette nuit-là. [st1]9 [-] avec génitif de prix (qqf. avec ablatif de prix): être de (telle valeur), valoir coûter. - magni (s.-ent. pretii) esse: coûter beaucoup. - esse nihili: ne rien valoir. - magni erunt mihi tuae litterae, Cic. Fam. 15: ta lettre sera d'un grand prix pour moi. - mea mihi conscientia pluris est quam omnium sermo, Cic. Att. 12: ma conscience pour moi vaut plus que tous les discours. - mille sestertiis esse: coûter mille sesterces. - sextante sal et Romae et per totam Iialiam erat, Liv. 29: le sel coûtait un sextant à Rome comme dans l'Italie entière. [st1]10 [-] arriver, se produire, avoir lieu. - quid tibi est? Ter.: qu'as-tu? - (solis defectio) quae fuit regnante Romulo, Cic. Rep. 1: (éclipse) qui eut lieu sous le règne de Romulus. - ut est: comme il arrive. - est ut + subj. (est + inf.): il arrive que, il peut se faire que, on peut. - futurum rati ut...: persuadés qu'il arriverait que... - non est ut...: il n'est pas possible que...., il n'y a pas lieu de... - est ut velis, Ter.: il se trouve que tu veux. - quando fuit ut...? Cic.: quand est-il arrivé que...? quand a-t-on vu que...? - quando fuit ut quod licet non liceret? Cic. Cael.: quand a-t-on vu que ce qui est permis aujourd'hui a cessé de l'être? - in eo (res) est ut + subj.: les choses en sont au point que... (il va bientôt arriver que...). - prope est ut...: il va bientôt arriver que... - est (ita) ut dicis: c'est bien comme tu dis. - id quod erat, Liv.: ce qui était vrai (c'est ce qui se passait). - res erat eo loci, Cic.: l'affaire en était là. [st1]11 [-] avec adj. verbal au génitif - être de nature à, avoir pour but de, servir à, tendre à. - esse conservandae libertatis, Sall.: avoir pour but le maintien de la liberté. - esse dissolvendarum religionum, Liv.: être de nature à détruire le culte. - quae res evertendae rei publicae solebant esse, Cic.: ces faits tendaient ordinairement à ruiner l'Etat. [st1]12 [-] avec datif de destination ou de but; avec ad + acc. - esse solvendo aeri alieno: être en état de payer ses dettes, être solvable. - non esse solvendo: ne pas être en mesure de payer ses dettes, être insolvable. - esse vescendo: être bon à manger. - esse oneri ferendo, Liv.: être capable de porter une charge. - esse ad ornandum templum, Cic.: servir à la décoration du temple. - esse ad aliquid: être utile à qqch, servir à qqch. - esse ad alvum crudam, Cato. R. R. 125: être efficace pour les indigestions. - esui potuique esse, Dig.: être bon à manger et à boire. - esse argumento: être une preuve. - esse probro, Cic.: être déshonorant. - esse crimini, Cic.: être un grief. [st1]13 [-] avec une subordonnée (souvent avec verbe au subjonctif). - sunt qui + subj.: il y a des gens qui ([des gens tels qu'ils]), il y a des gens pour, il y a des gens capables de. - sunt qui sciant: il y a des gens qui savent. - erant sententiae quae castra Vari oppugnanda censerent, Caes. B. C. 2, 30: il y avait les avis de personnes qui pensaient qu'on devait assiéger le camp de Varus. - erat nemo in quem ea suspicio conveniret, Cic.: il n'y avait personne sur qui pût se porter un tel soupçon. - sunt qui + ind.: il y a des gens qui. - sunt qui quod sentiunt non audent dicere, Cic.: il y a des gens qui n'osent pas dire ce qu'ils pensent. - sunt quae omitti, Cic.: il y a des détails que j'ai oubliés. - sunt bestiae quaedam, in quibus inest aliquid simile virtutis, Cic. Fin. 5: il y a des bêtes qui ont en elles quelque chose de semblable à la vertu. - est ubi + subj.: il y a des cas où. - erit ubi te ulciscar, Plaut.: je trouverai l'occasion de te punir. - est quod: il y a une raison pour que, il y a lieu de. - est quod succenset tibi, Ter.: il a des raisons d'être irrité contre toi. - est quod referam ad consilium, Liv.: il faut que j'en réfère au conseil. - est quod dici possit: il y a une chose qu'on pourrait dire. - est quod differat, Cic.: il y a une différence. - est quod gaudeas, Cic.: tu as raison de te réjouir. - non est quod (non est cur, nihil est quod): il n'y a pas lieu de, il n'y a pas de raison de. - quid est quod: quelle raison y a-t-il de...? - quid erat quod querebatur? Cic.: quelle raison avait-il de se plaindre? - quid erat quod querebatur? Cic.: pourquoi se plaignait-il? quelle raison y avait-il qui expliquât ses plaintes? [st1]14 [-] esse ab aliquo: être du côté de qqn, être de son parti, être pour quelqu'un. - esse ab aliquo (esse pro aliquo): être partisan de qqn, être de l'avis de qqn. - a Phaedro esse, Cic. Att. 16: être disciple de Phèdre. - est a me hoc totum: tout cela est fait pour moi, tout cela est en ma faveur. - vide ne hoc totum sit a me, Cic.: prends bien garde que tout cela ne soit en ma faveur? - esne tu ab illo milite? Plaut.: es-tu esclave de ce soldat? - erat ab Aristotele, Cic.: c'était un Aristotélicien. [st1]15 [-] reposer sur, dépendre de, être du ressort de. - non est id in nobis: cela ne dépend pas de nous. - omnis spes est in aliquo: tout l'espoir repose sur qqn. - vivat an ille occidat, in dis est, Ov.: sa vie ou sa mort dépendent des dieux. [st1]16 [-] avec un infinitif - pouvoir. - cernere erat, Virg.: on voyait (on pouvait voir). [st1]17 [-] latinismes remarquables - bene est: cela va bien. - est recte apud matrem, Cic.: chez ma mère, tout va bien (ma mère se porte bien). - est ita (est vero): il en est ainsi, oui. - esto (sit ita sane): eh bien, soit! - id est (hoc est): à savoir, c'est-à-dire. - quid hoc rei est?: qu'est-ce à dire? - voir fore - esto. [ABCR]II - sum = eum; Enn. An. 98, cf. Fest. 298.* * *Sum, es, est, Verbum substantiuum. Je suis, tu es, il est.\Sum, Genitiuo iungitur. Terent. Non esse horum te arbitror. Je pense que tu n'appartiens en rien à ceulx ci.\Est adolescens escae maxumae. Plaut. Il est grand mangeur.\Magni sunt oneris: quicquid imponas, vehunt. Plaut. Ils portent grands faiz.\Erit humanitatis vestrae, magnum eorum ciuium numerum calamitate prohibere. Cic. Ce sera à faire à vostre humanité de, etc.\Est miserorum, vt maleuolentes sint, atque inuideant bonis. Plaut. Ils ont de coustume.\Non est nostrum onus. Cic. Ce n'est pas nostre charge, Nous n'avons point charge de cela, Ce n'est pas à nous à faire.\Nihil aeque dissoluendae religionis est, quam, etc. Liu. Il n'est chose qui corrompe tant la religion, que de, etc.\Tanti eius apud se gratiam esse ostendit, vti et Reipublicae iniuriam, etc. Caes. Il monstra qu'il aimoit tant, et qu'il avoit tant de credit envers luy, que, etc.\Nunc vos aestimate, facta an dicta pluris sint. Sallust. Lesquels sont plus à estimer les faicts ou les dicts.\Argentum quanti est sumito. Terent. Autant qu'il vault.\Quod mihi plurimi est. Cic. Laquelle chose je prise ou estime fort.\Magni apud aliquem esse. Cic. Estre fort estimé d'aucun.\Emere denario, quod sit mille denarium. Cic. Qui vault mille deniers.\Quum in Sicilia sestertiis duobus tritici modius esset. Cic. Vallut.\Bona Sexti Roscii quae sunt sexagies. Cic. Qui vallent.\Ego sum domi meae. Cic. Je suis en ma maison.\Sum, Datiuo etiam iungitur, et significat habeo. Virgil. Sunt mihi bis septem praestanti corpore Nymphae. J'ay.\Est enim columbis ars, inter se blandiri. Plin. Elles ont cest art de, etc.\- mihi tu iam Eras mortuus, quia non te visitaui. Plaut. Il me sembloit à veoir que tu estois desja mort.\Duobus datiuis: Plaut. Est derisui omnibus. Chascun se mocque de luy.\Desiderio esse. Seneca. Estre desiré et regretté.\Esui potuique esse. Vlpia. Estre bon et ordonné pour boire et manger.\Hae pecuniae tibi fraudi esse debent. Cic. Te doibvent tourner à dommage.\Postrema tua pagina mihi magnae molestiae fuit. Cic. M'a fort fasché.\Datiuo et ablatiuo: Plautus, Nihil me poenitet iam quanto sumptu fuerim tibi. Quelle despense je t'ay faicte.\Si mihi tecum minus esset, quam est cum tuis omnibus, allegarem ad te illos a quibus, etc. Cic. Si j'estoye moins familier et privé de toy, que de touts les tiens, etc.\Est mihi melius. Cic. Je me porte mieulx.\Bene est mihi. Terent. Je suis bien aise et sans fascherie.\Amori esse, vel odio dicitur res aliqua. Cassius ad Ciceronem. Quand on l'aime, ou on la hait.\Quibus occidi patrem Sexti Roscii bono fuit. Cic. Leur a esté prouffitable, Qui en ont amendé.\Crimini esse alicui dicitur res aliqua. Cic. Quand on charge et accuse aucun de quelque cas, et luy met on sus.\Tuam a me alienationem ad ciues impios tibi gloriae fore putauisti. Cic. Que cela te tourneroit à gloire, Qu'ils te loueroyent de ce.\Ea ignominia accepta ad Patres inuidiae Menenio fuit. Liu. Menenius fut blasmé et hay des senateurs à cause de ce.\Melli esse dicitur res aliqua. Horat. Qui plaist moult.\Miraculo esse dicitur res aliqua. Plin. Quand on s'esmerveille de quelque chose.\Odio esse. Caesar. Estre hay.\Oneri ferendo esso. Liu. Estre suffisant pour porter quelque charge et fardeau.\Praesidio esse alicui. Caesar. Luy aider et secourir.\Quae signo sunt, omnia non mediocri quodam consilio naturam mundi administrari. Cic. Donnent à entendre.\Radix et folium Indis est maximo pretio. Plin. Est fort estimé des Indes.\Testimonio alicui esse. Plancus ad Ciceronem. Luy porter tesmoignage.\Vitio esse. Ouid. Estre reputé à vice, ou pour vice.\Quae ad bellum vsui erant. Caesar. Qui servoyent à la guerre.\Ab aliquo esse. Cic. Estre de son parti, et luy faire sa cause bonne.\Est ad lateris dolorem. Cato. Guarist du mal de costé, Guarist la douleur du costé.\Ad vrbem esse. Cic. Estre en la ville.\Ad eam partem quae est ad Herperiam. Caes. Qui est vers, ou Tend vers, etc.\Apud aliquem esse. Terent. Estre chez aucun.\Apud se esse. Terent. Estre chez soy.\Apud herum recte erat. Cic. Tout le monde se portoit bien chez mon maistre.\Apud matrem recte est. Cic. Ma mere se porte bien.\In amore atque deliciis alicui esse. Cicero. Estre fort aimé d'aucun. Vide AMOR.\Mihi erat in animo ire in Epirum. Cic. J'avoye en fantasie, J'avoye deliberé de, etc.\In armis esse. Caes. Estre en armes.\In bonis est. Cic. Il est aujourdhuy possesseur.\Est in commemoratione omnibus omnium flagitiorum. Cic. Il n'est meschanceté qu'il ne face, et dequoy on ne parle.\Cuius in ditione ac potestate sunt. Cic. Soubz la puissance duquel ils sont.\In exemplis est. Plin. Il est escript és exemples anciennes.\In expectando sunt. Gel. Ils attendent.\In gratia esse cum aliquo. Cic. Estre aimé de luy, Estre en sa grace, et avoir credit envers luy.\In incerto esse. Tacit. Estre incertain.\Propter quam in summa infamia sum. Terent. J'ay mauvais bruit et diffame.\In integro esse. Tacit. Estre en son entier.\In meis intimis est. Cic. Il est de mes grands amis et familiers.\Non poterimus vlla esse in inuidia spoliati opibus. Cic. Nous ne pourrons pas estre enviez.\In legationibus esse. Liu. Aller aux embassades.\In longum esse. Tacit. Durer long temps.\Nunc vero mihi in mentem fuit. Plaut. Il m'en souvient à ceste heure.\In metu esse. Terent. Avoir peur, Estre en crainte.\In mora alicui esse. Terent. Le retarder.\In noxia esse. Terent. Avoir failli, Estre en faulte.\In aliquo numero atque honore esse. Caes. Estre aucunement estimé.\In oculis hominibus esse. Cic. Estre aimé d'eulx.\In opere esse. Caesar. Estre à la besongne.\Sum in opinione. Quintil. J'ay opinion.\In pabulo esse dicitur res aliqua. Plin. Qui est bonne à manger.\In procuratione regni esse. Caesar. Avoir la charge et administration du Royaulme.\Quomodo sine aculeo fuci nascantur, in quaestione est. Plin. On demande comment, C'est une question.\Fuit illic in re praesenti. Plaut. Sur le lieu.\In rem communem est. Plautus. C'est pour le prouffit de l'un et de l'autre.\In ridiculo sumus ambo. Plaut. On se mocque de nous.\In ea est sententia. Quintil. Il est de ceste opinion.\In spe esse. Caesar. Estre fort esperé et attendu.\In spe esse. Cic. Esperer.\Multum sunt in venationibus. Caesar. Ils chassent fort souvent.\In vsu esse. Plin. Estre en usage.\Pro aliquo esse. Cic. Faire pour aucun.\Pro meliore fuit. Tacit. Ce a esté pour le mieulx.\Qua quisque sit lege, conditione, foedere, tenere debet. Cic. Quelles alliances et conditions un chascun d'eulx ha avec nous.\Esse summo honore. Cic. Estre en grand honneur.\Incredibili sum solicitudine de tua valetudine. Cicero. Je suis en merveilleux soulci comment tu te portes.\Sum, saepe aduerbiis iungitur: Terent. Vbi illic dies est complures, accersi iubet. Apres qu'il fut là plusieurs jours.\Sit vestra benignitas ad audiendum. Plautus. Plaise vous d'ouir, Rendez vous facile à nous vouloir escouter.\Es, pro Sis. vt, Bono animo es. Plaut. Ayes bon courage.\Moris est plerisque. Quintil. Plusieurs ont de coustume.\Argentum quod daturus iam fui. Terent. Que je te vouloye bailler.\Cuius a morte hic tertius et tricesimus est annus. Ci. Voyci la trentetroisieme annee qu'il est mort.\Est iam annus vt repulsam tulit. Cic. Il y a ja un an que, etc.\Horae duae fuerunt, Quintius ad vadimonium non venit. Cic. Deux heures se passerent.\- estne ipsus, an non est? is est, Certe is est, is profecto. Plaut. Est ce luy, ou non?\Est, responsiuum. Terent. Sed est Simo intus? D. est. Il y est.\Est mihi iter in Lemnum. Terent. Mon chemin s'addresse à Lemnos.\Est, in tertia tantum persona, Pro Conuenit. Valer. Maximus, Non est inter patrem et filium, vllius rei comparationem fieri. Il ne convient pas, Il n'affiert pas.\Quem deprecari esset, quum omnes essent sordidati? Cic. Qui eust on peu prier, veu que, etc.\- fuit quaedam anus Corinthia Hic. Terent. Il fut jadis une vieille.\Est genus hominum qui, etc. Terent. Il est une maniere de gents qui, etc.\Fuit quoddam tempus, quum in agris. Cic. Il a esté un temps que, etc. Un temps fut que, etc.\Fuere qui e thuris arbore vtrunque nasci mentirentur. Plin. Il y en a eu aucuns qui, etc.\Sunt qui volunt te conuentam. Plaut. Il y a quelques uns qui veulent parler à toy.\Est quod visam domum. Plautus. J'ay un peu à faire à la maison.\Est quod gaudeas, te in ista loca venisse, vbi aliquid sapere viderere. Cic. Tu has cause de te resjouir.\Quid ego ex te audio? MEN. hoc quod res est. Plaut. Ce qui est vray.\Erit vbi te vlciscar, si viuo. Plautus. Il viendra un temps que je me vengeray de toy.\Est vbi profecto damnum praestet facere, quam lucrum. Plaut. Il advient aucunesfois qu'il, etc. ou Il y a des affaires esquels, etc.\Est vero huic credendum Chreme. Terent. C'est bien un homme de croire, Dict par moquerie.\- sin est vt velis Manere illam apud te, dos hic maneat Demipho. Terent. S'il est ainsi que, etc.\Ero vt me voles. Plaut. Je feray ce que tu vouldras.\Caetera quae eius loci esse videbuntur. Cic. Qui te sembleront estre propres pour le lieu, et y convenir.\Vt in his locis potissimum sim. Cic. Que je m'arreste, ou demeure en ces lieux là.\Nisi prius a vobis impetrabo, vt hic sitis hodie. Cic. Que vous demouriez ici.\Non tam facile iis opitulari est. Cels. Il n'est pas possible de leur aider si facilement.\Esto, istud curabo. Plaut. Prens qu'ainsi soit que tu dis, Pose le cas qu'ainsi soit.\Esto barbari externique ritus inuenerint. Plin. Soit ainsi, Je suis content, Prenez que, etc.\Verum esto, alio loco de aratorum animo et iniuriis videro. Cic. Soit ainsi.\Quod si, vt es, cessabis, lacessam. Cic. Comme tu as accoustumé, Suyvant ton naturel.\Saepe est, quibus in rebus alius ne iratus quidem est, Quum de eadem causa est iracundus factus inimicissimus. Terent. Il advient souvent. -
15 intérêt
intérêt [ɛ̃teʀε]masculine nouna. interest• écouter avec intérêt/(un) grand intérêt to listen with interest/with great interest• porter/témoigner de l'intérêt à qn to take/show an interest in sb• agir dans/contre son intérêt to act in/against one's own interests• quel intérêt aurait-il à faire cela ? why would he want to do that?b. ( = recherche d'avantage personnel) self-interestc. ( = importance) importance• être déclaré d'intérêt public to be officially recognized as being beneficial to the general public* * *ɛ̃teʀɛnom masculin2) ( attrait) interest3) (avantage, utilité) interesttu as intérêt à faire — (colloq) you'd be well advised to do
y a intérêt! — (sl) you bet! (colloq)
je ne vois pas l'intérêt de cette réforme/de faire — I can't see the point of this reform/of doing
par intérêt — [agir] out of self-interest; [se marier] for money
4) Finance interest [U]5) ( part) interest* * *ɛ̃teʀɛ nm1) (pour une activité, un ouvrage) interest2) (= avantage)avoir intérêt à faire quelque chose; Tu as intérêt à te dépêcher si tu veux prendre le train de dix heures. — You'd better hurry up if you want to catch the 10 o'clock train.
il a intérêt à... — he'd better...
elles ont intérêt à... — they'd better...
il y a intérêt à... — we'd better...
il y a intérêt à ce que...; Il y a intérêt à ce que la voiture soit réparée la semaine prochaine, sinon je vais me fâcher! — The car had better be fixed next week, or I'm going to get annoyed!
3) (du capital) interest4)avoir des intérêts dans COMMERCE — to have a financial interest in, to have a stake in
5) (personnel) self-interest* * *intérêt nm1 ( attention) interest (pour in); susciter or éveiller l'intérêt de qn to arouse sb's interest; porter un grand intérêt à qch to take a great interest in sth; manifester or marquer son intérêt pour qch to express one's interest in sth; trouver or prendre un certain intérêt à faire to find it interesting to do; avec intérêt [lire, observer, attendre] with interest;2 ( attrait) interest; votre livre est d'un grand intérêt or présente un grand intérêt your book is of great interest; recherche digne d'intérêt worthwhile research; livre plein d'intérêt book of exceptional interest; sans intérêt uninteresting; n'avoir pas grand intérêt not to have much to recommend it;3 (avantage, utilité) interest; d'intérêt général/public/commun of general/public/common interest; dans l'intérêt de qn/de tous in sb's/everyone's interest; l'intérêt supérieur de la nation the supreme interest of the nation; c'est dans votre intérêt de faire it's in your interest to do; elle a tout intérêt à faire/à ce que qch se fasse it is in her best interest to do/that sth be done; contraire aux intérêts de qn against sb's interests; c'est dans ton intérêt it's for your own good; être du plus grand intérêt pour qn to concern sb in particular; tu as intérêt à faire○ you'd be well advised to do; quel intérêt auraient-ils à faire? what would be the point in their doing?; y a intérêt○! you bet○!; je ne vois pas l'intérêt de cette réforme/de faire I don't see the point of this reform/of doing; par intérêt [agir] out of self-interest; [se marier] for money;4 Fin ( de crédit) interest ¢; prêt sans intérêts interest-free loan; porter intérêt [compte] to bear interest; porteur d'intérêt interest-bearing ( épith); payer des intérêts to pay interest; intérêts simples/composés simple/compound interest;5 Fin ( part) interest; avoir/détenir des intérêts dans une société to have/to hold interests in a company; des intérêts dans le sucre/nickel interests in sugar/nickel.[ɛ̃terɛ] nom masculin1. [attention, curiosité] interestavoir ou éprouver de l'intérêt pour quelque chose to be interested ou to take an interest in somethingtémoigner de l'intérêt à quelqu'un to show an interest in somebody, to show concern for somebody2. [ce qui éveille l'attention]l'intérêt d'un débat est que tout le monde participe the point in ou the idea of having a debate is that everybody should join inje ne vois pas l'intérêt de continuer cette discussion I see no point in carrying on this discussionses observations sont du plus haut ou grand intérêt his comments are of the greatest interest ou importance4. [avantage - d'une personne, d'une cause] interestagir dans/contre son intérêt to act in/against one's own interestdans l'intérêt de son travail/sa santé in the interest of her job/her healthtu as intérêt à te faire tout petit! (familier) you'd be well-advised to ou you'd better keep your head down!5. [égoïsme] self-interestà 5 % d'intérêt 5% interest (rate)emprunter/prêter à intérêt to borrow/to lend with interestcela rapporte des intérêts it yields ou bears interestintérêts dus/exigibles interest due/payable————————intérêts nom masculin pluriel[d'une personne, d'un pays] interestsservir les intérêts de quelqu'un/d'une société to serve somebody's/a company's interestsavoir des intérêts dans une société ÉCONOMIE & FINANCE to have a stake ou a financial interest in a companysans intérêt locution adjectivaleque disais-tu? — c'est sans intérêt what were you saying? — it's not important ou it doesn't matterc'est sans intérêt pour la suite de l'enquête it's of no importance for ou relevance to the rest of the inquirysans intérêt locution adverbiale -
16 sortir
sortir [sɔʀtiʀ]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━➭ TABLE 16━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. <a. to go or come out━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► sortir dans le sens de partir se traduit par to go out ou par to come out, suivant que le locuteur se trouve ou non à l'endroit en question.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• on est en train de faire un bonhomme de neige, tu devrais sortir ! we're making a snowman, come out!• mon père est sorti, puis-je prendre un message ? my father is out, can I take a message?• sortir de chez qn to go or come out of sb's house• sors (d'ici) ! get out (of here)!• je sors à 6 heures (du bureau, du lycée) I finish at 6• sortir de son lit [fleuve] to overflow its banks► d'où sort ?• d'où sort cette revue ? where has this magazine come from?• mais d'où sort-il ? (inf) ( = il est tout sale) where has he been! ; ( = il est mal élevé) where was he brought up? ; ( = il est bête) where did they find him?• Madame, est-ce que je peux sortir ? (en classe) Miss, can I be excused please?• la voiture est sortie de la route the car left or came off the road• c'est confidentiel, ça ne doit pas sortir d'ici it's confidential, it must not leave this roomd. (Theatre) « la servante sort » "exit the maid"• « les 3 gardes sortent » "exeunt the 3 guards"• sortir de terre [plante] to come upi. ( = être fabriqué, publié) to come out ; [disque, film] to be releasedj. (par hasard) [numéro, couleur, sujet d'examen] to come upk. ( = s'écarter) sortir du sujet to get off the subject• sortir (du jeu) [balle, ballon] to go out (of play)• sortir en touche [ballon] to go into touchl. ( = être issu) il sort de l'université de Perpignan he went to the University of Perpignan• pas besoin de sortir de Polytechnique pour comprendre ça (inf) you don't need a PhD to understand thatm. ( = résulter) sortir de to come of• que va-t-il sortir de tout cela ? what will come of all this?• il fallait que ça sorte I (or he etc) just had to say it2. <• sortez-le ! get him out of here!• sortir des vêtements d'une armoire/la voiture du garage to take clothes out of a wardrobe/the car out of the garage• il faut le sortir de là (d'un lieu) we must get him out of there ; (d'une situation difficile) we must get him out of itb. ( = mettre en vente) [+ produit] to bring out• il vous sort de ces réflexions ! the things he comes out with! (inf)• qu'est-ce qu'il va encore nous sortir ? what will he come out with next? (inf)d. ( = éliminer) [+ concurrent, adversaire] (inf) to knock out3. <• tu crois qu'il va s'en sortir ? (il est malade) do you think he'll pull through? ; (il est surchargé de travail) do you think he'll ever see the end of it? ; (il est en situation difficile) do you think he'll come through all right?• avec son salaire, il ne peut pas s'en sortir he can't get by on what he earns• va l'aider, il ne s'en sort pas go and help him, he can't cope• bravo, tu t'en es très bien sorti ! you've done really well!* * *
I
1. sɔʀtiʀ1) ( promener) to take [somebody/something] out [personne, chien, cheval]j'y vais moi-même, ça me sortira — I'll go myself, it'll give me a chance to get out
2) (colloq) ( inviter) to take [somebody] out [personne]3) (colloq) ( expulser) to throw [somebody] out, to chuck (colloq) [somebody] out [personne] (de of); to send [somebody] out [élève]4) ( mettre à l'extérieur) to get [somebody/something] out (de of)5) ( délivrer)sortir quelqu'un de sa léthargie — to shake somebody out of his/her lethargy
6) ( commercialiser) to bring out [livre, disque, modèle]; to release [film]; to show [collection]7) ( produire) to turn out [livre, disque, film, produit]8) ( imprimer) to bring [something] out [exemplaire, numéro, journal]9) (colloq) ( dire) to come out with (colloq) [remarques]
2.
verbe intransitif (+ v être)1) ( aller dehors) [personne, animal] to go out; ( venir dehors) [personne, animal] to come out (de of)sortir dans la rue/sur le balcon — to go out into the street/on the balcony
sortir faire un tour — ( à pied) to go out for a walk
sortir discrètement — to slip out (de of)
empêcher de sortir — to keep [somebody/something] in
2) ( passer du temps dehors) to go out3) ( quitter un lieu)sortir du port — [navire] to leave port
sortir du pays — [personne, marchandise] to leave the country
sortez d'ici/de là! — get out of here/of there!
sortir de la route — [véhicule] to leave the road
sortir de la famille — [bijou, tableau] to go out of the family
4) ( venir d'un lieu)5) (quitter un état, une situation)sortir de son mutisme or silence — to break one's silence
6) ( venir de quitter un état)7) ( émerger) to come outelle est sortie de sa dépression très affaiblie — after her depression she was a mere shadow of her former self
8) ( s'échapper) [eau, air, étincelle, fumée] to come out (de of; par through)faire sortir — to squeeze [something] out [pâte, colle, eau, jus] (de of); to eject [cassette] (de from)
sortir en masse — [personnes] to pour out
9) ( pousser) [bourgeon, insecte] to come out; [dent] to come throughsortir de terre — [plante] to come through; [bâtiment] to rise from the ground
10) ( dépasser) to stick out11) ( être commercialisé) [film, disque, livre, nouveau modèle] to come outsortir tous les jours — [journal] to be published daily
12) ( provenir) [personne, produit] to come fromsortir de Berkeley — Université to have graduated from Berkeley
d'où sors-tu à cette heure? — (colloq) where have you been?
d'où il sort celui-là? — (colloq) where's he been living? (colloq)
13) ( être en dehors)sortir du sujet — [personne] to wander off the subject; [remarque] to be beside the point
14) ( être tiré) [numéro, sujet] to come up15) Informatique to exit
3.
se sortir verbe pronominal1) ( échapper)s'en sortir — ( situation difficile) to get out of it; ( maladie) to get over it
2) ( se débrouiller)s'en sortir — gén to pull through; ( financièrement) to cope; (intellectuellement, manuellement, physiquement) to manage
s'en sortir à peine — ( financièrement) to scrape a living
II sɔʀtiʀnom masculin* * *sɔʀtiʀ1. vi1) (= partir) to go outIl est sorti sans rien dire. — He went out without saying a word.
Il est sorti acheter le journal. — He's gone out to buy the newspaper.
2) (= aller au spectacle) to go outJ'aime sortir. — I like going out.
sortir avec qn (relation amoureuse) — to be going out with sb, to be seeing sb
Tu sors avec lui? — Are you going out with him?, Are you seeing him?
3) [produit] to come outCe modèle vient juste de sortir. — This model has just come out.
4) [plante, numéro] to come up5)sortir de (= quitter) — to leave, (en allant) to go out of, (en venant) to come out of, (= jaillir) to come out of, [maladie, mauvaise passe] to get over, [cadre, compétence] to be outside
Elle sort de l'hôpital demain. — She's coming out of hospital tomorrow.
Je l'ai rencontré en sortant de la pharmacie. — I met him coming out of the chemist's.
sortir du système INFORMATIQUE — to log out
2. vt1) (= déplacer) to take outElle a sorti son porte-monnaie de son sac. — She took her purse out of her bag.
Je vais sortir la voiture du garage. — I'll get the car out of the garage.
2) * (= expulser) to throw out3) COMMERCE, [produit] to bring out4) * (= dire) to come out with3. nm* * *sortir verb table: partirA nm au sortir de at the end of; au sortir de l'adolescence/mes études at the end of adolescence/my studies.B vtr1 ( promener) to take [sb/sth] out [personne, chien, cheval]; sortir un malade/son caniche to take a patient/one's poodle out; j'y vais moi-même, ça me sortira I'll go myself, it'll give me a chance to get outside;3 ○( expulser) to throw [sb] out, to chuck○ [sb] out [personne] (de of); to send [sb] out [élève]; se faire sortir en quart de finale to be knocked out in the quarterfinal;4 ( mettre à l'extérieur) to get [sb/sth] out [personne, papiers, parapluie, meubles de jardin, voiture, vêtements] (de of); sortir l'argenterie to get out the silverware; sortir qn du lit to get sb out of bed; sortir une bille de sa poche to take a marble out of one's pocket; sortir sa voiture en marche arrière to reverse one's car out; sortir les mains de ses poches to take one's hands out of one's pockets; sortir un couteau/revolver to pull out a knife/revolver; sortir le drapeau to hang out the flag; sortir les draps pour les aérer to put out the sheets to air; sortir du pus to squeeze out pus; sortir un point noir to squeeze a blackhead; sortir la poubelle/les ordures to put the bin/the rubbish GB ou garbage US out; sortir sa tête/langue to poke one's head/tongue out; sortir une carte to bring out a card;5 ( délivrer) sortir qn de to get sb out of; sortir un ami de prison to get a friend out of jail; sortir un ami de sa dépression to pull a friend out of his depression; sortir une entreprise de ses difficultés to get a company out of difficulties; sortir qn de sa léthargie to shake sb out of his/her lethargy;6 ( commercialiser) to bring out [livre, disque, modèle, nouveau produit, nouveau journal]; to release [film]; to present [collection];7 ( produire) to turn out [livre, disque, film, produit]; sortir mille téléviseurs par jour to turn out one thousand televisions a day;8 Imprim to bring [sth] out [exemplaire, numéro, journal];9 Ordinat [ordinateur] to output [données, résultats];10 ( exporter) ( légalement) to export [marchandises] (de from); ( illégalement) to smuggle [sth] out [marchandises] (de of);11 ○( dire) to come out with○ [paroles]; sortir des énormités/insultes/âneries to come out with rubbish/insults/nonsense; il (nous) sort toujours des excuses he's always coming out ou up with excuses; sortir une blague to crack a joke.C vi (+ v être)1 ( aller dehors) [personne, animal] to go out; ( venir dehors) [personne, animal] to come out (de of); sortir par la fenêtre/la porte de derrière to go out through the window/the back door; sortir dans la rue/sur le balcon to go out in the streets/on the balcony; sortir faire un tour ( à pied) to go out for a walk; (à vélo, cheval) to go out for a ride; ( en voiture) to go out for a drive; sortir faire des courses to go out shopping; sortir déjeuner to go out for lunch; être sorti to be out; sortez les mains en l'air! come out with your hands up!; sortez et ne revenez pas! get out and don't come back!; sortir discrètement to slip out (de of); sortir en vitesse to rush out; sortir en courant to run out; sortir en trombe de sa chambre to burst out of one's room; faire sortir qn to get sb outside; faire sortir son chien to take one's dog out; laisser sortir qn to allow sb out; laisser sortir les élèves ( à la fin de la classe) to dismiss the class; empêcher de sortir to keep [sb/sth] in [personne, animal]; sortir dans l'espace to space walk; sortir de scène to leave the stage; Figaro sort exit Figaro; Figaro et Almaviva sortent exeunt Figaro and Almaviva; ⇒ devant, œil;2 ( passer du temps dehors) to go out; sortir tous les soirs/avec des amis to go out every night/with friends; sortir au restaurant to go out to a restaurant; sortir avec qn to go out with sb; inviter qn à sortir to ask sb out; sortir en ville to go out on the town;3 ( quitter un lieu) sortir de to leave; sortir de chez qn to leave sb's house; sortir d'une réunion to leave a meeting; sortir du port [navire] to leave port; sortir du pays [personne, marchandise] to leave the country; sortir de chez soi to go out; sortir de la pièce to walk out of the room; sortez d'ici/de là! get out of here/of there!; sortir de son lit/son bain [personne] to get out of bed/the bath; sortir de la route [véhicule] to leave the road; sortir de la famille [bijou, tableau] to go out of the family; sortir tout chaud du four to be hot from the oven; ⇒ loup;4 ( venir d'un lieu) sortir de to come out of; sortir de chez le médecin to come out of the doctor's; sortir de sa chambre en chemise de nuit to come out of one's room in one's nightgown;5 (quitter un état, une situation) sortir d'un profond sommeil/d'un rêve to wake up from a deep sleep/from a dream; sortir de son mutisme or silence to break one's silence; sortir de l'adolescence to come out of adolescence; sortir de la récession to pull out of the recession; sortir d'un cercle vicieux to break out of a vicious circle; sortir de soi to lose control of oneself; sortir de l'hiver to reach the end of winter; on n'en sort jamais○ there's no end to it; on n'en sortira jamais! ( problème) we'll never see the end of it!; ( embouteillage) we'll never get out of it!; il refuse d'en sortir○ ( changer d'avis) he won't budge an inch○; il n'y a pas à sortir de là○ there's no two ways about it○;6 ( venir de quitter un état) sortir à peine de l'enfance to be just emerging from childhood; sortir de maladie/d'une dépression to be recovering from an illness/from a bout of depression; sortir d'une crise/guerre to emerge from a crisis/war;7 ( émerger) to come out; sortir différent/désenchanté/déçu to come out different/disenchanted/disappointed; elle est sortie de sa dépression très affaiblie after her depression she was a mere shadow of her former self;8 ( s'échapper) [eau, air, étincelle, fumée] to come out (de of; par through); le bouchon ne sort pas the cork won't come out; l'eau sort du robinet the water comes out of the tap GB ou faucet US; une odeur sort de la pièce there's a smell coming from the room; faire sortir to squeeze [sth] out [pâte, colle, eau, jus] (de of); to eject [cassette] (de from); sortir en masse [personnes] to pour out; ⇒ vérité;9 ( pousser) [plante, insecte] to come out; [dent] to come through; les bourgeons sortent the buds are coming out; sortir de terre [plante] to spring up; [bâtiment] to rise from the ground; il lui est sorti une dent he/she's cut a tooth;10 ( dépasser) to stick out; il y a un clou qui sort there's a nail sticking out; sortir de l'eau à marée basse [roche] to stick out of the water at low tide;11 ( être commercialisé) [film, disque, livre, nouveau modèle, nouveau produit, collection] to come out; Le Monde sort l'après-midi Le Monde goes on sale in the afternoon; sortir tous les jours/toutes les semaines/tous les mois [journal, périodique] to be published daily/weekly/monthly; sortir de la chaîne [produit industriel] to come off the production line; sortir des presses [journal, livre] to come off the press; ça sort tout juste des presses it's hot off the press;12 ( provenir) [personne, produit] to come from; sortir d'un milieu intellectuel/d'une famille de banquiers to come from an intellectual background/from a family of bankers; sortir de Berkeley Univ to have graduated from Berkeley; sortir de chez Hachette to have been with Hachette previously; d'où sors-tu à cette heure○? where have you been?; d'où sors-tu comme ça○? what have you been doing to look like that?; d'où sort-il celui-là○? what planet's he from○?;13 ( être en dehors) sortir du sujet [personne] to wander off the subject; [remarque] to be beside the point; cela sort de ma compétence/de mes fonctions that's not in my brief/within my authority;14 ( être tiré) [numéro, sujet] to come up; c'est le 17 qui est sorti it was (number) 17 that came up;15 Ordinat to exit.D se sortir vpr1 ( échapper) se sortir d'une situation difficile to get out of a predicament; se sortir de la pauvreté to escape from poverty; se sortir d'une dépression to come out of a bout of depression; se sortir d'une épreuve to come through an ordeal; s'en sortir ( situation difficile) to get out of it; ( maladie) to get over it; s'en sortir vivant to escape with one's life;2 ( se débrouiller) s'en sortir gén to pull through; ( financièrement) to cope; (intellectuellement, manuellement, physiquement) to manage; tu t'en sors? can you manage?; s'en sortir tant bien que mal to struggle through; s'en sortir à peine ( financièrement) to scrape a living.sortir par les trous de nez○ to get up one's nose○.I[sɔrtir] nom masculin(littéraire) [fin]dès le sortir de l'enfance, il dut apprendre à se défendre he was barely out of his childhood when he had to learn to fend for himself————————au sortir de locution prépositionnelle1. [dans le temps]2. [dans l'espace]je vis la cabane au sortir du bois as I was coming out of the woods, I saw the hutII[sɔrtir] verbe intransitif (aux être)1. [quitter un lieu - vu de l'intérieur] to go out ; [ - vu de l'extérieur] to come outsortir par la fenêtre to get out ou to leave by the windowMadame, je peux sortir? please Miss, may I leave the room?elle est sortie déjeuner/se promener she's gone (out) for lunch/for a walksi elle se présente, dites-lui que je suis sorti if she calls, tell her I'm out ou I've gone out ou I'm not inje l'ai vu qui sortait de l'hôpital/l'école vers 16 h I saw him coming out of the hospital/school at about 4 pm2. [marquant la fin d'une activité, d'une période]sortir de l'école/du bureau [finir sa journée] to finish school/worksortir de prison to come out of ou to be released from prison3. [pour se distraire]5. [se répandre] to come outc'est pour que la fumée sorte it's to let the smoke out ou for the smoke to escape6. [s'échapper] to get outsortir de: aucun dossier ne doit sortir de l'ambassade no file may be taken out of ou leave the embassyfaire sortir quelqu'un/des marchandises d'un pays to smuggle somebody/goods out of a countryje vais te confier quelque chose, mais cela ne doit pas sortir d'ici I'm going to tell you something, but it mustn't go any further than these four walls7. [être mis en vente - disque, film] to be released, to come out ; [ - livre] to be published, to come outça vient de sortir! it's just (come) out!, it's (brand) new!8. [être révélé au public - sujet d'examen] to come up ; [ - numéro de loterie] to be drawn ; [ - numéro à la roulette] to turn ou to come up ; [ - tarif, barème] to be out9. (familier) [être dit] to come outil fallait que ça sorte! it had to come out ou to be said!10. INFORMATIQUE11. NAUTIQUE & AÉRONAUTIQUEaujourd'hui, les avions/bateaux ne sont pas sortis the planes were grounded/the boats stayed in port todayle ballon est sorti en corner/touche the ball went out for a corner/went into toucha. [pour faute] the player was sent offb. [il est blessé] the player had to go off because of injury13. THÉÂTRE————————[sɔrtir] verbe transitif (aux avoir)1. [mener dehors - pour se promener, se divertir] to take out (separable)viens avec nous au concert, ça te sortira come with us to the concert, that'll get you out (of the house)2. [mettre dehors - vu de l'intérieur] to put out ou outside ; [ - vu de l'extérieur] to bring out ou outside (separable)3. [présenter - crayon, outil] to take out (separable) ; [ - pistolet] to pull out ; [ - papiers d'identité] to produce4. [extraire]sortir quelque chose de to take ou to get something out ofdes mesures ont été prises pour sortir le pays de la crise measures have been taken in order to get the country out of ou to rescue the country from the present crisissortir quelqu'un de to get ou to pull somebody out ofje vais te sortir d'affaire ou d'embarras ou de là I'll get you out of itelle a sorti la Suédoise en trois sets she disposed of ou beat the Swedish player in three setssortir un disque/filma. [auteur] to bring out a record/filmb. [distributeur] to release a record/filmsortir un livre to bring out ou to publish a bookil m'a sorti que j'étais trop vieille! he told me I was too old, just like that!8. [roue, train d'atterrissage] to drop[volet] to raise————————sortir de verbe plus préposition1. [emplacement, position] to come out of, to come offsortir des rails to go off ou to jump the railsa. [voiture] to come off ou to leave the trackb. [skieur] to come off the pisteça m'était complètement sorti de la tête ou de l'esprit it had gone right out of my head ou mindl'incident est sorti de ma mémoire ou m'est sorti de la mémoire I've forgotten the incident2. [venir récemment de] to have (just) come from3. [venir à bout de] to come out ofnous avons eu une période difficile mais heureusement nous en sortons we've had a difficult time but fortunately we're now emerging from it ou we're seeing the end of it now4. [se tirer de, se dégager de]lorsqu'on sort de l'adolescence pour entrer dans l'âge adulte when one leaves adolescence (behind) to become an adult5. [se départir de]il est sorti de sa réserve après quelques verres de vin he opened ou loosened up after a few glasses of wineelle est sortie de son silence pour écrire son second roman she broke her silence to write her second novel6. [s'écarter de]attention à ne pas sortir du sujet! be careful not to get off ou to stray from the subject!il ne veut pas sortir ou il ne sort pas de là he won't budgeil n'y a pas à sortir de là [c'est inévitable] there's no way round it, there's no getting away from it7. [être issu de]sortir d'une bonne famille to come from ou to be of a good familypour ceux qui sortent des grandes écoles for those who have studied at ou are the products of the grandes écolesa. [tu es mal élevé] where did you learn such manners?, where were you brought up?b. [tu ne connais rien] where have you been all this time?8. [être produit par] to come from9. (tournure impersonnelle) [résulter de]————————se sortir de verbe pronominal plus prépositionse sortir d'une situation embarrassante to get (oneself) out of ou (soutenu) to extricate oneself from an embarrassing situations'en sortir (familier) : aide-moi à finir, je ne m'en sortirai jamais seul! give me a hand, I'll never get this finished on my owndonne-lui une fourchette, il ne s'en sort pas avec des baguettes give him a fork, he can't manage with chopsticksa. [il a survécu] he pulled through in the endb. [il a réussi] he won through in the endon ne s'en sort pas avec une seule paie it's impossible to manage on ou to get by on a single wagemalgré les allocations, on ne s'en sort pas in spite of the benefit, we're not making ends meet -
17 publico
pūblĭco, āre, āvi, ātum - tr. - [st2]1 [-] confisquer, adjuger au Trésor public. [st2]2 [-] rendre public, mettre à la disposition du public, ouvrir au public, montrer au public, porter à la connaissance du public. [st2]3 [-] publier, révéler, divulguer, dévoiler. [st2]4 [-] publier (un livre).* * *pūblĭco, āre, āvi, ātum - tr. - [st2]1 [-] confisquer, adjuger au Trésor public. [st2]2 [-] rendre public, mettre à la disposition du public, ouvrir au public, montrer au public, porter à la connaissance du public. [st2]3 [-] publier, révéler, divulguer, dévoiler. [st2]4 [-] publier (un livre).* * *Publico, publicas, pen. cor. publicare. Plin. Publier.\Publicare. Cic. Confisquer.\Librum publicare. Plin. iun. Le divulguer, Le mettre en lumiere.\Fortunam suam publicare. Seneca. Faire touts participants de sa fortune, La communiquer et faire commune à touts, que chascun s'en sente.\Se publicare. Suet. Se monstrer devant le peuple.\Publicat vulgo corpus suum meretrix. Plaut. S'abandonne.\Publicare crimen. Liu. Faire redonder un blasme generalement sur touts. -
18 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. The Oxford Book of Portuguese Verse: XIIth Century-XXth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1925, 1952 (2nd edition, B. Vi-digal, ed.).■. Portuguese Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922, 1970 (2nd edition, B. Vidigal, ed.).■ Bleiberg, German, Maureen Ihrie, and Janet Pérez, eds. Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula, 2 vols. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1993.■ Castro, Francisco Lyon de, ed. História da literatura portuguesa, 7 vols. Lisbon: Alfa, 2001-02.■ Cidade, Hernani. Lições de Cultura e Literatura Portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.■ Cook, Manuela. Portuguese: A Complete Course for Beginners. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1996. Figueiredo, Fidelino. História literária de Portugal. Coimbra, 1944. Gentile, Georges Le. La Littérature Portugaise. Rev. ed. Paris, 1951. Kunoff, Hugo. Portuguese Literature from Its Origins to 1990: A Bibliography Based on the Collections at Indiana University. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1994.■ Longland, Jean. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry. A Bilingual Selection. Irvington-on-Hudson: Harvey House, 1966. Prado Coelho, Jacinto do. Dicionário das Literaturas Portuguesas, Galega e Brasileira, 3rd ed. Oporto, 1978. Rossi, Giuseppe C. Storia della letteratura portoghesa. Florence, 1953.■ Santos, João Camilo dos. "Portuguese Contemporary Literature." In Antônio Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 218-42. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.■ Saraiva, Antônio José. História da cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-60.■. História da Literatura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1990 ed.■, and Oscar Lopes. História da Literatura Portuguesa. Oporto and Coimbra, 1992 ed.■ Seguier, Jaime de, ed. Dicionário Prático Ilustrado. Oporto: Lello, 1961 and later eds.■ Simões, João Gaspar. História da poesia portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1955-56 and later eds.■. História da poesia portuguesa do século XX. Lisbon, 1959 and later eds.■ Stern, Irwin, ed.-in-chief. Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1988.■ TRAVEL AND TOURIST GUIDES ON PORTUGAL■ Ballard, Sam, and Jane Ballard. Pousadas of Portugal: Unique Lodgings in State-owned Castles, Palaces, Mansions and Hotels. Boston: Harvard Common, 1986.■ Bridge, Ann, and Susan Lowndes Marques. The Selective Traveller in Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1968.■ Ellingham, Mark, et al. Portugal: The Rough Guide. London: Rough Guides, 2008 ed.■ Hogg, Anthony. Travellers' Portugal. London: Solo Mio, 1983.■ Kite, Cynthia, and Ralph Kite. Portuguese Country Inns & Pousadas. New York: Warner Books; Karen Brown's Country Inn Series, 1988.■ Lowndes, Susan, ed. Fodor's Portugal 1991. New York: Fodor's, 1990.■ Proença Raúl, and Sant'anna Dionísio, eds. Guía De Portugal. I. Generalidades. Lisboa E, Arredores. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1924; 1983.■ Robertson, Ian. Portugal: Blue Guide. London: Benn; New York: Norton, 2000 and later eds.■ Stoop, Anne de. Living in Portugal. Paris and New York: Flammarion, 1995. Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Minho and North Portugal: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1968.■. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.■. Algarve: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1973.■ HISTORY OF PORTUGAL Ancient and Medieval (2000 BCE-1415 CE)■ Alarção, Jorge de. Roman Portugal. Volume I: Introduction. Warminster, U.K., 1988.■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História de Portugal. Vol. I. Coimbra, 1922. Arnaut, Salvador Dias. A Crise Nacional dos fins do século XVI. Vol. 1. Coimbra, 1960.■ Baião, Antônio, Hernani Cidade, and Manuel Múrias, eds. História de Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40. Caetano, Marcello. Lições de História do Direito Português. Coimbra, 1962. Cortesão, Jaime. Os Factores Democráticos no Formação de Portugal. Lisbon, 1960.■ David, Pierre. Etudes Historiques sur la Galice et le Portugal du VI au XII siécle. Paris, 1947.■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999. Diffie, Bailey W. Prelude to Empire: Portugal Overseas before Henry the Navigator. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1960. Dutra, Francis A. "Portugal: To 1279." Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol. X: 35-48. New York: Scribners, 1987.■. "Portugal: 1279-1481." Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol. X: 48-56. New York: Scribners, 1987. Gama Barros, Henrique de. História de Administração Pública em Portugal nos séculos XII à XV, 11 vols. Lisbon, 1945-51. Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. A Economia dos Descobrimentos Henriquinos. Lisbon, 1962.■ Gonzaga de Azevedo, Luís. História de Portugal, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1939-44.■ Herculano, Alexandre. História de Portugal, 8 vols., 9th ed. Lisbon, 1940.■ Kennedy, Hugh. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Anda-lus. London: Longman, 1996.■ Lencastre e Tavora, Luía Gonzaga. O Estudo da Sigilografia Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1990.■ Livermore, H. V. The Origins of Spain and Portugal. London: Allen & Unwin, 1971.■ Lopes, David. "Os Árabes nas obras de Alexandre Herculano." Boletim da Segunda Classe. Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciéncias, III (1909-10). MacKendrick, Paul. The Iberian Stones Speak. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1969.■ Martinez, Pedro Soares. História Diplomática De Portugal [chapter I, 114315]. Lisbon, 1986.■ Mattoso, José, ed. A Nobreza Medieval Portuguesa: A Família e o Poder. Lisbon: Estampa, 1981.■. Religião e cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1982.■. Identificaçao de um país ( ensaio sobre as orígens de Portugal), 2 vols. Lisbon: Estampa, 1985.■. Novos Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1988.■. Historia de Portugal. Vol. 2: A Monarquia Feudal ( 1096-1480). Lisbon: Estampa, 1993.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. Hansa e Portugal na Idade Média. Lisbon, 1959.■. Introduçao à História da Agricultura em Portugal. Lisbon, 1968.■. Daily Life in Portugal in the Middle Ages. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971.■. Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1980.■. "Introduçao à História da Cidade Medieval Portuguesa." Bracara Augusta XXV, 92-93 (January-December 1981): 367-87.■. Guía do Estudante de História Medieval Portuguesa, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1985.■. Portugal Na Crise Dos Séculos XIV e XV-Vol. IV of Serrão and Oliveira Marques, Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.■ Peres, Damião de, ed. História de Portugal. Vols. I, II. Barcelos, 1928-29.■ Rau, Virginia. Subsídios para o estudo das Feiras Medievais Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1943.■. Sesma'rias Medievais Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1946.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. "Portugal, formação de." Dicionário da História de Portugal. Vol. III, 432-51. Lisbon, 1966.■ Rogers, Francis M. The Travels of the Infante Dom Pedro of Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961.■ Russell, P. E. 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Costa Gomes-o Ultimo Marechal. Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 1998.■ Domingos, Emídio Da Veiga. Portugal Político. Análise das Instituiçoes. Lisbon, 1989.■ Goldey, David. "Elections and the Consolidation of Portuguese Democracy: 1974-1983." Electoral Studies 2, 3 (1983): 229-40.■ Graham, Lawrence S. "Institutionalizing Democracy: Governance in Post-1974 Portugal." In Ali Farazmand, ed., Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration, 81-90. New York: Dekker, 1991.■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Gunther, Richard. "Spain and Portugal." In G. A. Dorfman and P. J. Duignan, eds., Politics in Western Europe, 186-236. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1988.■ Magone, José Maria. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. Basingstoke, U.K.: Macmillan, 1997.■ Maxwell, Kenneth. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. 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Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? 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Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. 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Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. 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Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 2001.■ Barbosa, Madelena. "Women in Portugal." Women's Studies International Quarterly 4 (1981): 477-80.■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. Novas Cartas Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1972.■ ———. The Three Marias. New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.■ Brettell, Caroline B. We Have Already Cried Many Tears: The Stories of Three Portuguese Migrant Women. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1982.■ Ferreira, Virginia. "Engendering Portugal: Social Change, State Politics, and Women's Social Mobilization." In António Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 162-88. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.■ Goodwin, Mary. "Portuguese Feminism." Portuguese Studies Newsletter 17 (Spring-Summer 1987): 12-13.■ Lamas, Maria. As Mulheres do Meu País. Lisbon, 1948.■ "Mulheres Portuguesas e Feminismo." Análise Social [special number on Portuguese Women and Feminism] 22 (1986): 92-93.■ Osório, Ana de Castro. As Mulheres Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1905.■ Sadlier, Darlene J. The Question of How: Women Writers and New Portuguese Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood; Contributions in Women's Studies, no. 109, 1989.■ Silva, Manuela. The Employment of Women in Portugal. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications, European Communities, 1984. Velho da Costa, Maria. Maina Mendes. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vicente, Ana, and Maria Reynolds de Souza. Family Planning in Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História da Igreja em Portugal. 6 vols. Coimbra, 1910-24, and Oporto, 1967-72. Alonso, Joaquim Maria. The Secret of Fátima: Fact and Legend. Cambridge, Mass.: Ravengate Press, 1979. Alves, José da Felicidade, ed. Católicos e política de Humberto Delgado à Marcelo Caetano. Lisbon, 1969. Araújo, Miguel de, ed. Dicionario político; 1; Os Bispos e a revoluçao de Abril. Lisbon, 1976. Bishko, Charles Julian. Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300. London, Variorum Reprints, 1984.■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. John C. Banner, trans. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.■ EQUESTRIANISM■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.comHistorical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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19 fermer
fermer [fεʀme]➭ TABLE 11. transitive verbto close ; [+ magasin, café, musée] (après le travail) to shut ; (définitivement) to close (down) ; [+ manteau, gilet] to do up ; [+ chemin, passage] to block ; [+ accès] to close off ; [+ aéroport] to close ; [+ gaz, électricité, eau, robinet] to turn off• fermer à clé [+ porte, chambre] to lock• on ferme ! closing time!• la ferme ! (inf!) ferme-la ! (inf!) shut up! (inf!)• fermer les yeux sur [+ misère, scandale] to close one's eyes to ; [+ abus, fraude, défaut] to turn a blind eye to2. intransitive verba. [fenêtre, porte, boîte] to close• cette porte/boîte ferme mal this door/box doesn't close properly3. reflexive verb* * *fɛʀme
1.
1) gén to close, to shut [porte, fenêtre, livre, parapluie]; to close, to shut [yeux, bouche]; to clench [poing]; to draw [rideau]; to seal [lettre]; to turn off [robinet, gaz, radio]; to switch off [électricité]; to do up [vêtement]; to close off [passage]fermer à clé — to lock up [maison]; to lock [voiture, valise]
fermer à double tour — lit to double-lock [maison]; fig to lock securely [voiture, valise]
2) Administration, Commerce ( temporairement) to close [magasin, aéroport, frontière]; ( définitivement) to close down [entreprise]; to close [mine, compte bancaire]3) ( terminer) to bring [something] to a close [débat]
2.
3.
se fermer verbe pronominal1) lit [porte] to shut; [fleur] to close up; [manteau, bracelet] to fasten2) fig [personne] to clam up; [visage] to harden••* * *fɛʀme1. vt1) [porte, volet] to close, to shutN'oublie pas de fermer la fenêtre. — Don't forget to close the window., Don't forget to shut the window.
2) [valise, boîte] to shutfermer les yeux — to close one's eyes, to shut one's eyes
3) fig, [coeur, esprit] to closeCe drame l'a fermé à la pitié. — This incident had made him immune to pity.
4) (= cesser l'exploitation de) to close down, to shut down5) [eau, électricité, robinet] to turn off6) (= interdire l'accès à) [aéroport, route] to close2. vi1) [porte, fenêtre] to close, to shutCette porte ne ferme pas bien. — This door won't close properly., This door won't shut properly.
2) (non-ouverture au public) [magasin, commerce] to close, to shutVous fermez à quelle heure? — What time do you close?, What time do you shut?
Les musées ferment à 18h. — The museums close at 6pm.
3) (cessation d'activité) [magasin, commerce] to close down, to shut down* * *fermer verb table: aimerA vtr1 gén to close, to shut [porte, fenêtre, boîte, valise, tiroir, livre, parapluie]; to close, to shut [yeux, bouche]; to clench [poing]; to draw [rideau]; to seal [lettre]; to turn off [robinet, gaz, eau, radio]; to switch off [électricité]; to do up [vêtement, chaussure]; to close off [conduit, passage]; la porte est bien/mal fermée the door is/is not shut properly; fermer sa chemise jusqu'au cou to button one's shirt right up to the neck; fermer à clé to lock up [maison, appartement]; to lock [voiture, valise, tiroir]; fermer à double tour lit to double-lock [maison]; fig to lock securely [voiture, valise]; fermer le jeu Sport to play a defensive game; fermer son cœur to steel one's heart (à against); une chaîne de montagnes fermait l'horizon the horizon was bounded by a range of mountains;2 Admin, Comm, Entr ( temporairement) to close [magasin, aéroport, accès, route, frontière]; ( définitivement) to close down [entreprise, succursale, centrale]; to close [mine, compte bancaire]; ‘on ferme’ ‘we're closing’; fermé le lundi/au public closed on Mondays/to the public; région fermée aux étrangers area not open to foreigners;3 ( terminer) to bring [sth] to a close [débat, audience].B vi [magasin, usine, théâtre] ( temporairement) to close; ( définitivement) to close down; fermer bien/mal [porte, valise] to close/not to close properly; armoire qui ferme à clé wardrobe that can be locked; le musée ferme en août the museum is closed in August.C se fermer vpr1 lit [porte] to shut; [fleur] to close up; [manteau, bracelet] to fasten; ma jupe se ferme sur le côté my skirt fastens at the side;2 fig [personne] to clam up; [visage] to harden.la fermer◑ to shut up○; la ferme◑!, ferme-la◑! shut up!; fermer les yeux sur to turn a blind eye to.[fɛrme] verbe transitif[poing, main] to close[robinet] to turn off (separable)fermer les rideaux to close ou draw the curtainsfermer sa bouche (familier) ou sa gueule (très familier) ou son bec (familier) to shut up, to shut one's trap3. (familier) [éteindre - électricité, lumière, compteur] to turn ou to switch off (separable) ; [ - robinet] to turn off (separable)5. [interdire - frontière, port] to closecette filière vous fermerait toutes les carrières scientifiques this course would prevent you from following any scientific career6. [faire cesser l'activité de]fermer un restaurant/théâtrea. [pour un congé] to close a restaurant/theatreb. [définitivement] to close a restaurant/theatre (down)a. [pour un congé] to shut up shopb. [pour cause de faillite] to stop ou to cease trading, to close down7. [rendre insensible]8. [être à la fin de]9. [délimiter]les montagnes qui ferment l'horizon/la vue the mountains which shut off the horizon/block the view11. SPORT————————[fɛrme] verbe intransitif1. [se verrouiller - couvercle, fenêtre, porte] to closele portail ferme mal the gate is difficult to close ou won't close properly2. [cesser son activité - temporairement] to close ; [ - définitivement] to close down————————se fermer verbe pronominal————————se fermer verbe pronominal intransitif1. [être verrouillé - porte, fenêtre] to closese fermer à [être inaccessible à]: les sociétés occidentales se ferment à l'immigration Western societies are closing their doors to immigrants2. [se serrer, se plier - bras, fleur, huître, main] to close (up) ; [ - aile] to fold ; [ - bouche, œil, paupière, livre, rideau] to close ; [ - blessure] to close (up), to heal3. [être impénétrable]on ne peut pas lui parler, elle se ferme aussitôt there's no talking to her, she just switches off ou freezes up -
20 utilité
utilité [ytilite]feminine noun• reconnu or déclaré d'utilité publique state-approved* * *ytilite1) ( caractère utile) usefulnessêtre d'une grande utilité — [livre, appareil] to be very useful; [personne] to be very helpful
2) ( utilisation) use* * *ytilite nf1) (subjectif) (= qualité) usefulness2) (objectif) useCet objet n'est pas d'une grande utilité. — This object isn't much use.
3) THÉÂTRE* * *utilité nf1 ( caractère utile) usefulness; utilité d'une loi/un appareil usefulness of a law/a device; être d'une grande utilité [livre, appareil] to be very useful; [personne] to be very helpful; n'être d'aucune utilité [livre, appareil] to be of no use; être de peu d'utilité [livre, appareil] to be of little use; ne pas voir l'utilité de qch/de faire not to see the point in sth/in doing;2 ( utilisation) use; je n'en ai pas l'utilité I have no use for it; une de ses utilités one of its uses.utilité publique Jur public benefit; reconnu or déclaré d'utilité publique directed to the public benefit ( après n).[ytilite] nom fémininça ne t'est plus d'aucune utilité it's no longer of any use to you, you no longer need itla carte de la région m'a été de peu d'utilité/d'une grande utilité the map of the area was of little/great use to meen as-tu l'utilité? can you make use of it?, do you need it?————————utilités nom féminin pluriela. (sens propre) to play minor ou small parts
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Livre de kells — Cette page (folio 292r) contient le texte richement décoré introduisant l Évangile selon Jean. Le Livre de Kells (Book of Kells en anglais ; Leabhar Cheanannais en irlandais), également connu sous le nom de Grand Évangéliaire de saint… … Wikipédia en Français
Livre-parlant — Livre audio Un livre audio est un livre ou un texte dont on a enregistré la lecture à haute voix. Les livres audio ont à l origine été conçus et utilisés pour les non voyants, les mal voyants ou les dyslexiques, mais cette nouvelle expérience de… … Wikipédia en Français
Livre-à-écouter — Livre audio Un livre audio est un livre ou un texte dont on a enregistré la lecture à haute voix. Les livres audio ont à l origine été conçus et utilisés pour les non voyants, les mal voyants ou les dyslexiques, mais cette nouvelle expérience de… … Wikipédia en Français
Livre Audio — Un livre audio est un livre ou un texte dont on a enregistré la lecture à haute voix. Les livres audio ont à l origine été conçus et utilisés pour les non voyants, les mal voyants ou les dyslexiques, mais cette nouvelle expérience de lecture… … Wikipédia en Français
Livre parlant — Livre audio Un livre audio est un livre ou un texte dont on a enregistré la lecture à haute voix. Les livres audio ont à l origine été conçus et utilisés pour les non voyants, les mal voyants ou les dyslexiques, mais cette nouvelle expérience de… … Wikipédia en Français
Livre parlé — Livre audio Un livre audio est un livre ou un texte dont on a enregistré la lecture à haute voix. Les livres audio ont à l origine été conçus et utilisés pour les non voyants, les mal voyants ou les dyslexiques, mais cette nouvelle expérience de… … Wikipédia en Français
Livre sonore — Livre audio Un livre audio est un livre ou un texte dont on a enregistré la lecture à haute voix. Les livres audio ont à l origine été conçus et utilisés pour les non voyants, les mal voyants ou les dyslexiques, mais cette nouvelle expérience de… … Wikipédia en Français
Livre electronique — Livre électronique Un utilisateur visualisant une page électronique sur un livre électronique L expression livre électronique, (synonymes : livrel, ecolivrel, liseuse ou bouquineur) peut désigner plusieurs choses différentes : un… … Wikipédia en Français
